Use of Cesarean Birth among Robson Groups 2 and 4 at Mizan-Tepi University Hospital, Ethiopia

Table 3

Sociodemographic, obstetric, labor, and delivery characteristics of Robson Group 3 women who experienced cesarean birth compared to vaginal birth, bivariate comparisons, and multivariable models.

(3A) Bivariate comparisons
Characteristic	Robson Group 4	Robson Group 4	Robson Group 4	value
	Overall (n = 57)	Vaginal birth (n = 43, 75.4%)	Cesarean birth (n = 14, 24.6%)
Sociodemographic
Age in years, median (IQR)	27 (24, 30)	27 (25, 30)	26 (20, 30)	0.28^a
Missing	1 (0.3%)	1 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Education				0.26^b
Unable to read and write	12 (21.1%)	10 (23.3%)	2 (14.3%)
Read and write only	2 (3.5%)	2 (4.7%)	0 (0.0%)
Primary school	22 (38.6%)	17 (39.5%)	5 (35.7%)
Secondary school	9 (15.8%)	4 (9.3%)	5 (35.7%)
Higher education	12 (21.1%)	10 (23.3%)	2 (14.3%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Religion				0.32^b
Muslim	11 (19.3%)	9 (20.9%)	2 (14.3%)
Orthodox Christian	20 (35.1%)	17 (39.5%)	3 (21.4%)
Catholic Christian	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Protestant	26 (45.6%)	17 (39.5%)	9 (64.3%)
Jehovah’s witness	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Relationship status				1.0^b
Single	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Not single	56 (98.3%)	42 (97.7%)	14 (100.0%)
Missing	1 (1.8%)	1 (2.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Woreda				0.04^c
Urban	31 (54.4%)	20 (46.5%)	11 (78.6%)
Rural	26 (45.6%)	23 (53.5%)	3 (21.4%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Number of prenatal visits				0.83^a
Median (IQR)	4 (4, 5)	4 (4, 5)	4 (3, 6)
Antepartum, labor, and delivery
Transferred during labor				0.49^c
No	33 (57.9%)	26 (60.5%)	7 (50.0%)
Yes	24 (42.1%)	17 (39.5%)	7 (50.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Cervical exam on admission				0.06^a
Median (IQR)	2 (0, 3)	2 (0, 3)	0 (0, 2)
Duration of labor				0.005^b
Not applicable	7 (12.3%)	2 (4.7%)	5 (35.7%)
<12 hours	28 (49.1%)	25 (58.1%)	3 (21.4%)
12–24 hours	20 (35.1%)	15 (34.9%)	5 (35.7%)
24+ hours	2 (3.5%)	1 (2.3%)	1 (7.1%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Antepartum hemorrhage				0.43^b
No	55 (96.5%)	42 (97.7%)	13 (92.9%)
Yes	2 (3.5%)	1 (2.3%)	1 (7.1%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Antepartum preeclampsia/eclampsia/chronic hypertension				0.32^b
No	52 (91.2%)	38 (88.4%)	14 (92.9%)
Yes	5 (8.8%)	5 (11.6%)	0 (7.1%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Birthweight (grams)
<2500	4 (7.0%)	3 (7.0%)	1 (7.1%)	1.0^b
2500	53 (93.0%)	40 (93.0%)	13 (92.9%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Postpartum complications
MATERNAL
Postpartum hemorrhage				1.0^b
No	56 (98.3%)	42 (97.7%)	14 (100.0%)
Yes	1 (1.7%)	1 (2.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Postpartum blood transfusion				0.25^b
No	56 (98.3%)	43 (100.0%)	13 (92.9%)
Yes	1 (1.7%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (7.1%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Postpartum antibiotics	52 (91.2%)	42 (97.7%)	10 (71.4%)	0.003^c
No	5 (8.8%)	1 (2.3%)	4 (28.6%)
Yes	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing
Postpartum hypertensive treatment				0.57^b
No	54 (94.7%)	40 (93.0%)	14 (100.0%)
Yes	3 (5.3%)	3 (7.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
NEONATAL
Five-minute Apgar score median (IQR)	9 (8, 9)	9 (8, 9)	8 (8, 9)	0.03^a
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Stillbirth	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	<0.001^b
Yes, fresh	2 (3.5%)	2 (4.7%)	0 (0.0%)
Yes, macerated	55 (96.5%)	41 (95.4%)	14 (100.0%)
No	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing
Neonate status on day of discharge	2 (3.5%)	2 (4.7%)	0 (0.0%)	1.0^b
Dead	54 (94.7%)	40 (93.0%)	14 (100.0%)
Alive	1 (1.8%)	1 (2.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing
(3B) Multivariable model of characteristics associated with cesarean birth
Multivariable Poisson model with robust error variance of characteristics associated with cesarean birth
Characteristic	RR	CI	value
Compared to less than 12 hours of labor	2.8	0.7, 12.0	2.0
Likelihood of cesarean if labor duration “not applicable”	0.2	0.5, 8.1	0.3
Likelihood of cesarean if labor duration 12–24 hours	3.6	0.9, 14.3	0.07
Likelihood of cesarean if labor duration >24 hours
Likelihood of cesarean of rural compared to urban location	0.6	0.1, 2.4	0.4
Likelihood of cesarean with each increasing centimeter of dilation on admission cervical exam	0.8	0.6, 1.0	0.07

^aKruskal–Wallis test. ^bFisher’s Exact test. ^cChi-squared test. ^dVariables included in the model without an association with the outcome: urban/rural residence, diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, and infant birthweight.