Performance of Integrated Emergency Surgical Officers at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Table 1

Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics of women overall and by midwife versus IESO attendant.

Characteristic	N (%) N = 975	Midwife (n = 732, 75.1%)	IESO (n = 243, 24.9%)	value
Sociodemographic & obstetric history characteristics
Age in years, median (IQR)	24 [20, 28]	24 [20, 28]	25 [21, 28]	0.12^a
Missing	1 (%)	1	0
Education				0.54^c
Unable to read & write	229 (23.5%)	165 (22.5%)	64 (26.3%)
Read & write only	52 (5.3%)	44 (6.0%)	8 (3.3%)
Primary school	386 (39.6%)	290 (39.6%)	96 (39.5%)
Secondary school	138 (14.2%)	105 (14.4%)	33 (13.6%)
Higher education	169 (17.3%)	127 (17.4%)	42 (17.3%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Religion				0.58^b
Muslim	111 (11.4%)	77 (10.4%)	34 (14.0%)
Orthodox christian	331 (34.0%)	252 (34.4%)	79 (32.5%)
Catholic christian	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Protestant	530 (54.3%)	400 (54.6%)	130 (53.5%)
Jehovah’s witness	2 (0.2%)	2 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Relationship status				0.67^b
Single	27 (2.8%)	22 (3.0%)	5 (2.1%)
Not single	940 (96.4%)	703 (96.0%)	237 (97.5%)
Missing	8 (0.8%)	7 (1.0%)	1 (0.4%)
Woreda				<0.001^c
Urban	527 (54.0%)	368 (50.3%)	159 (65.4%)
Rural	448 (46.0%)	364 (49.7%)	84 (34.6%)
Parity				0.03^c
0	423 (43.4%)	312 (42.6%)	111 (45.7%)
1	253 (26.0%)	191 (26.1%)	62 (25.5%)
2	140 (14.3%)	118 (16.1%)	22 (9.0%)
3+	158 (16.2%)	110 (15.1%)	48 (19.8%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Months since last delivery (parity 1+ n = 552)				0.37^c; 0.99^a
<24 months	44 (4.5%)	36 (4.9%)	8 (3.3%)
24+ months	508 (52.1%)	385 (52.6%)	123 (50.6%)
Missing	423 (43.4%)	311 (42.5%)	112 (46.1%)
Median (IQR)	60 [36, 84]	60 [36, 84]	48 [36, 84]
History of cesarean birth				<0.001^b
0	930 (95.4%)	716 (97.8%)	214 (88.1%)
1	38 (3.9%)	13 (1.8%)	25 (10.3%)
2+	5 (0.5%)	1 (0.1%)	4 (1.6%)
Missing	2 (0.2%)	2 (0.3%)	0 (0.0%)
HIV+				0.04^b
Yes	20 (2.1%)	19 (2.6%)	1 (0.4%)
No	947 (97.1%)	707 (96.6%)	240 (98.8%)
Missing	8 (0.8%)	6 (0.8%)	2 (0.8%)
Number of prenatal visits				0.54^a; 0.08^c
0	20 (2.1%)	11 (1.5%)	9 (3.7%)
<8	895 (91.8%)	677 (92.5%)	218 (89.7%)
8+	55 (5.6%)	39 (5.3%)	16 (6.6%)
Missing	5 (0.5%)	5 (0.7%)	0 (0.0%)
Median (IQR)	4 [3, 5]	4 [3, 5]	4 [3, 5]
Antepartum, labor and delivery characteristics
Onset of labor				<0.001^b
Spontaneous	831 (85.2%)	638 (87.2%)	193 (79.4%)
Augmented/Induced	121 (12.4%)	90 (12.3%)	31 (12.8%)
Not applicable	22 (2.3%)	3 (0.4%)	19 (7.8%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Transferred during labor				<0.001^b
No	496 (50.9%)	408 (55.8%)	88 (36.2%)
Yes	478 (49.0%)	323 (44.1%)	155 (63.8%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Cervical exam on admission				0.56^c; 0.46^a
<4 cm (latent labor)	486 (49.8%)	365 (49.9%)	121 (49.8%)
4+ cm (active labor)	460 (47.2%)	353 (48.2%)	107 (44.0%)
Missing or “not done” or “not applicable”	29 (3.0%)	14 (1.9%)	15 (6.2%)
Median (IQR)	3 [2, 7]	3 [2, 7]	3 [2, 7]
Duration of labor				<0.001^c
Not applicable	28 (2.9%)	6 (0.8%)	22 (9.1%)
<12 hours	502 (51.5%)	413 (56.4%)	89 (36.6%)
12–24hours	394 (40.4%)	290 (39.6%)	104 (42.8%)
24+ hours	51 (5.2%)	23 (3.2%)	28 (11.5%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Antepartum hemorrhage				0.003^b
No	953 (97.7%)	721 (98.5%)	232 (95.5%)
Yes	21 (2.2%)	10 (1.4%)	11 (4.5%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Chorioamnionitis				0.64^b
No	969 (99.4%)	728 (99.5%)	241 (99.2%)
Yes	6 (0.6%)	4 (0.5%)	2 (0.8%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Antepartum preeclampsia/eclampsia/chronic hypertension				0.53^b
No	929 (95.3%)	699 (95.5%)	230 (94.7%)
Yes	45 (4.6%)	32 (4.4%)	13 (5.3%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Chorioamnionitis				0.64^b
No	969 (99.4%)	728 (99.5%)	241 (99.2%)
Yes	6 (0.6%)	4 (0.5%)	2 (0.8%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Antepartum preeclampsia/eclampsia/chronic hypertension				0.53^b
No	929 (95.3%)	699 (95.5%)	230 (94.7%)
Yes	45 (4.6%)	32 (4.4%)	13 (5.3%)
Missing	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Mode of delivery				<0.001^b
Unassisted vaginal	708 (72.6%)	702 (95.9%)	6 (2.5%)
Forceps-assisted	12 (1.2%)	6 (0.8%)	6 (2.5%)
Vacuum-assisted	29 (3.0%)	21 (2.9%)	8 (3.3%)
Cesarean	223 (22.9%)	1 (0.1%)	222 (91.3%)
Missing	3 (0.3%)	2 (0.3%)	1 (0.4%)
Gestational age at delivery				0.19^c; 0.03^a
Preterm	102 (10.5%)	82 (11.2%)	20 (8.2%)
Term	870 (89.2%)	648 (88.5%)	222 (91.4%)
Missing	3 (0.3%)	2 (0.3%)	1 (0.4%)
Median (IQR)	39 [38, 40]	38 [38, 40]	39 [38, 40]
Birthweight (grams)				0.50^c; <0.001^a
<2500	68 (7.0%)	54 (7.4%)	14 (5.8%)
≥2500	858 (88.0%)	650 (88.8%)	208 (85.6%)
Missing	49 (5.0%)	28 (3.8%)	21 (8.6%)
Median (IQR)	3100 [2900, 3500]	3000 [2900, 3400]	3200 [3000, 3600]
Multiple gestation				0.008^b
Yes	928 (95.2%)	705 (96.3%)	223 (91.8%)
No	47 (4.8%)	27 (3.7%)	47 (8.2%)
Missing	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Postpartum maternal complications^d
Postpartum blood transfusion				<0.001^b
No	960 (98.5%)	729 (99.6%)	231 (95.1%)
Yes	13 (1.3%)	3 (0.4%)	10 (4.1%)
Missing	2 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (0.8%)
Postpartum antibiotics				<0.001^c
No	884 (90.7%)	716 (97.8%)	168 (69.2%)
Yes	86 (8.8%)	14 (1.9%)	72 (29.6%)
Missing	5 (0.5%)	2 (0.3%)	3 (1.2%)
Maternal length of hospitalization median (IQR)	1 [1, 2]	1 [1, 1]	3 [3, 4]	<0.001^a
Missing	4 (0.0%)	3 (0.0%)	1 (0.0%)
Postpartum neonatal complications^e
Five-minute apgar score median (IQR)	9 [8, 9]	9 [8, 9]	8 [7, 9]	<0.001^a
Missing	47 (4.5%)	27 (3.0%)	20 (1.8%)
Stillbirth				0.001^b
Yes, fresh	29 (3.0%)	11 (1.5%)	18 (7.4%)
Yes, macerated	12 (1.2%)	11 (1.5%)	1 (0.4%)
No	886 (91.0%)	682 (93.3%)	204 (84.0%)
Missing	48 (4.8%)	28 (3.7%)	20 (8.2%)
Neonate status on day of discharge				<0.001^c
Dead	55 (5.6%)	29 (4.0%)	26 (10.7%)
Alive	915 (93.9%)	699 (95.5%)	216 (88.9%)
Missing	5 (0.5%)	4 (0.5%)	1 (0.4%)
Neonatal length of hospitalization, median (IQR)	1 [1, 3]	1 [1, 1]	3 [3, 4]	<0.001^a
Missing	20 (2.0%)	13 (1.7%)	7 (3.0%)

^aKruskall–Wallis test. ^bFisher’s Exact test. ^cChi-squared test. ^dNo difference in postpartum hemorrhage, uterotonic use. ^eNo difference in bag-and-mask, intranasal oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, intravenous fluid administration, neonatal antibiotic administration, and neonatal blood transfusion.