Therapeutic Approach to Neurodegenerative Diseases by Medical Gases: Focusing on Redox Signaling and Related Antioxidant Enzymes

Figure 1

The transcriptional upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in neurodegenerative diseases. Both neurons and astrocytes can increase several antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), copper and zinc-containing SOD (Cu/ZnSOD), manganese-containing SOD (MnSOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). By drug application or genetic overexpression of transcription factor, the transcriptional responses via NF-𝜅B (p50/p65), AP-1 (c-Jun/c-Fos), Nrf2/sMaf, and NRF1/PGC-1𝛼 in response to oxidative stress and related neurodegenerative disease are activated.