Abstract
Background. It has been known that cardiac surgery induces an oxidative stress. The persistent oxidative stress during reperfusion may lead to depressed myocardial function resulting in low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) necessitating inotropic or intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation support. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a measurement of oxidative stress in tissues. The purpose of this study was to examine the TAC differences during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operation in patients who have developed LCOS and who have not. Material and Methods. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled in the study. Central venous blood samples were obtained immediately before surgery, during operation, and at the end of surgery to assess TAC. Clinical data regarding patient demographics and operative outcomes were prospectively collected and entered into our clinical database. Results. LCOS developed in 8 patients (10.12%). The TAC has decreased sharply in the LCOS patients compared with those who did not develop LCOS during operation. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area was 0.879. Conclusion. TAC has decreased during operation in a significant proportion of patients undergoing isolated CABG, and this is more prominent and serious and might be an independent variable in patients who have developed LCOS. This may be related to intraoperative misadventure or inadequate myocardial antioxidative protection. Routine measurement of the TAC during operation may provide information for assessment of the LCOS development.
1. Introduction
Ischemia-reperfusion injury may cause a damage to the myocardium following blood flow restoration after a critical period of coronary occlusion [1]. In fact, ischemia-reperfusion is a clinical problem associated with procedures such as thrombolysis, angioplasty, and coronary bypass surgery which are commonly used to establish the blood reflow and minimize the damage of the heart due to severe myocardial ischemia.
Oxidative stress is a one of the hypotheses to explain the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury [2, 3]. Oxidative stress, which is usually associated with increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), modifies phospholipids and proteins leading to lipid peroxidation and oxidation of thiol groups [4, 5]. Antioxidant molecules prevent and/or inhibit these harmful reactions [6]. Serum concentrations of different antioxidant molecules can be measured in laboratories separately, but the measurement of these molecules in laboratory is time consuming, labor intensive, and requires complicated techniques. On the contrary, measurement of total antioxidant capacity is easy to use [7]. Advances in myocardial protection have led to lower risk-adjusted rates of morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Prevalence of postoperative LCOS remains relatively high approximately 9% [8]. In LCOS it is necessary to have intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation or inotropic support for longer than 30 minutes after the patient was returned to the intensive care unit to maintain the systolic blood pressure higher than 90 mm Hg and the cardiac index greater than 2.2 L/min per square meter [8]. The current low rates of perioperative infarction and mortality associated with CABG have required large sample sizes in order to demonstrate clinically significant differences between myocardial protective strategies [3].
In this paper, we have explored if there is a difference between the coronary artery bypass patients who have developed LCOS and who have not.
According to us this is the first report investigated the changes of total antioxidant capacity in patients who have developed LCOS after CABG [4].
2. Material and Methods
Preoperative and operative data were collected prospectively in all patients undergoing CABG between August 2004 and December 2004, at Harran University, Research Hospital. This study was approved by the local ethic committee, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. The preoperative characteristics of the 79 consecutive patients are shown on Table 1.
2.1. Operative Technique
After median sternotomy and full heparinization, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was instituted thorough a single two-stage right atrial cannula and an ascending aortic cannula. During bypass, the hematocrit level, pump flow rates, and mean arterial pressures were maintained between 20% and 25%, 2.0 and 2.5 L/min per square meter, and 50 and 60 mm Hg by use of sodium nitroprusside or phenylephrine hydrochloride as required, respectively. In all patients, the heart was arrested by an aortic root infusion of high potassium (27 mEq/L) blood cardioplegic solution. Distal anastomoses were done under a single cross-clamp. A left internal thoracic artery graft was used in all patients.
2.2. Low Cardiac Output Syndrome
Low cardiac output syndrome was diagnosed in patients who required an intra-aortic balloon pump either in the operating room or in the intensive care unit because of hemodynamic compromise or required inotropic medication to maintain the systolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg and the cardiac output greater than (≥2.5 L · · ) for at least 30 minutes in the intensive care unit after correction of all electrolytes and blood gas abnormalities while adjusting preload volume to its optimal values [8]. Patients who [5] received dopamine, dobutamine, or epinephrine named inotropic support. Patients who received dopamine lower than 4 mcg/kg/min aimed to increase renal perfusion and received vasodilating agents because of a high cardiac output (≥2.5 L · · ) and low peripheral resistance were not considered to have LCOS.
2.3. Samples
Blood samples were drawn from central venous catheter immediately before the anesthetic induction, during operation and at the end of operation. Samples were withdrawn from central vein into heparinized tubes and immediately stored on ice at 4°C. The plasma was then separated from the cells by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 min, and the plasma samples were stored at −80°C until analysis.
2.4. Biochemical Parameters’ Measurement of TAC
The TAC of the plasma was measured using a novel automated colorimetric measurement method developed by Erel [7]. Accurate measurements of TAC can be obtained in as little as 10 min, making this assay eminently suitable for the clinical biochemistry laboratory [9].
2.5. Statistical Analysis
The data analyzed by repeated measurements’ variance analysis, Mann Whitney test, and ROC analysis using SPSS 11.0 and SigmaPlot 8.0 programs [6].
3. Results
The patient demographics are listed in Table 1. Table 2 compares the operative data of patients who developed or not LCOS. Complete revascularization was accomplished in 74 (93.67%) patients. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) territory was revascularized in 98.73% of the patients with LAD disease. Patients who developed LCOS had longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, longer aortic cross-clamp time, longer postoperative intensive care unit stay, increased ventilatory support, and longer hospital stay. TAC was decreased during operation in all patients (). It is shown on Table 3 and Figure 1. However, in patients who developed LCOS, TAC presented a sharp initial fall during operation (). The area of ROC curve was 0.879 as seen on Figure 2, [7].
4. Discussion
We found that the patients who are undergoing to CABG are exposed to potent oxidative stress. This situation is closely connected with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS is produced during ischemia/reperfusion process and systemic inflammatory response, associated with cardiac surgery performed with CPB [10, 11]. Preoperative high risk, such as low ejection fraction, recent MI, and renal insufficiency, may lead to inadequate ventricular function in the early postoperative period in patients who developed LCOS undergoing CABG.
In this study LCOS developed in 8 patients (10.12%). The change of TAC was statistically significant in these patients compared with those who did not develop postoperative LCOS. Although the exact mechanisms and interactions among various antioxidants are not fully understood, it is possible that one antioxidant may equilibrate with another to establish a cellular redox potential, and thus all endogenous antioxidants may act in concert to protect against oxidative insult [1]. Several studies have proposed the essential role of ROS in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury [10, 11]. In ischemic-reperfused hearts, many alterations such as depression in contractile function, arrhythmias, and loss of adrenergic pathways have been observed [12].
The relationship between contractile function and myocardial metabolism is not clear. Thus, alterations in the myocardium during ischemia-reperfusion were suggested to be in part due to oxidative stress. Ischaemia causes alterations in the defence mechanisms against oxygen free radicals. At the same time, production of oxygen free radicals increases. There is evidence of oxidative stress during surgical reperfusion of the whole heart or after thrombolysis, and it is related to transient left ventricular dysfunction or stunning [13]. Our findings in this study support that in other authors’ observations, TAC was decreased during 8 operations in all patients () (Figure 1). However, in patients who developed LCOS, TAC presented a sharp fall during and at the end of the operation () (Figure 1).
Various methods of measurement have been developed for total antioxidant status, but there is no accepted reference method yet [7]. In this study, the total antioxidant status of the plasma was measured using a novel automated colorimetric measurement method for the TAC developed by Erel in patients undergoing CABG [6]. We report here that the novel assay has several major advantages over the other techniques currently available. It is rapid (10 min), simple and inexpensive, and easily fully automated. It is also reliable and sensitive and not subject to interference commonly occurring serum components such as bilirubin, serum lipids, and anticoagulants such as heparin or oxalate [6].
In conclusion, during the coronary bypass surgery, oxidants increase, antioxidants decrease, and oxidative stress develops. This is more prominent and more serious in those who developed LCOS. We think that this difference may be related or may be seconder to the etiopathogenesis of the LCOS. In the coronary bypass surgery, we think that antioxidant vitamin supplementation such as vitamin C and E may be beneficial for these patients. According to our ROC analysis, results of the TAC measurement during the CABG have indicative potential in LCOS development [9].