Antioxidant intervention Cells or animal models of AD Human trials Outcome Reference Vitamin E (α -tocopherol) Aβ -induced AD rats model Attenuated toxic effects of Aβ and improved cognitive performance. [71 ] Treatment with α -tocopherol (2000 IU a day) in patients with moderately severe impairment from AD Reduced neuronal damage and slowed progression of AD. [73 ] APP Tg2576 mice Suppressed brain lipid peroxidation, reduced Aβ levels and senile plaque deposition, and decreased F2-IsoPs levels. [74 ] Transgenic mouse models of human tauopathies and AD Suppressed tau-induced neurotoxicity, decreased carbonyls, and decreased 8OHdG. [74 , 75 ] Drosophila Suppressed tau-induced neurotoxicity. [76 ] AD patients whose regimens included vitamin E Longer survival rate than those taking no drug or a ChEI alone. [77 ] Vitamin C Methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia rats Decreased oxidative stress in vivo, enhanced NO bioavailability, restored regulation of shear stress in arterioles, and normalized systemic blood pressure. [78 ] vitamin B12 Cats Increased choline acetyltransferase activity in cholinergic neurons. [88 ] AD patients Improved cognitive functions. [89 ] MnSOD APP Tg2576 mice Deficiency of MnSOD increases Aβ levels and accelerates the onset of behavioral alteration. [92 ] LA(α -lipoic acid) APP Tg2576 mice Decreased expression of lipid peroxidation markers of oxidative modification but not β -amyloid load within the brains; improved performance in Morris water maze but not effective at altering cognition in the Y-maze test. [96 ] MitoQ and Szeto Schiller (SS) peptide 31 APP Tg2576 mice and mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells incubated with the Aβ peptide Prevented Aβ toxicity in mitochondria on neurons. [105 ] Caffeine Cholesterol-fed rabbit model system for late onset sporadic AD Decreased Aβ production and accumulation, reduced phosphorylation of tau, attenuated ROS and 8-Iso-PGF2α levels, and reduced glutathione depletion, and protection against cholesterol-induced ER stress. [107 ] Curcumin APP Tg2576 mice Reduced carbonyls and facilitated disaggregation of Aβ and reduction in AD associated neuropathology. [109 ] Silibinin Aggregated A
-induced AD model mice Prevented memory impairment and oxidative damage induced by Aβ . [111 ] Ginkgo biloba APP Tg2576 mice Improved cognitive functions but without any effects on Aβ levels or senile plaque. [112 ] Postmortem brain ELISA measurement No significant effects on senile plaque size or Aβ levels. [113 ] Melatonin APP695 transgenic mouse model Improved learning and memory deficits. [124 ] AD cell models such as mouse microglial BV2 cells, rat astroglioma C6 cells, and PC12 cells Attenuated Aβ -induced apoptosis, inhibited Aβ -induced mitochondria-related bax increase. [124 ] Microglia exposed to A
Inhibited phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase via a PI3K/Akt-dependent signaling pathway. [117 ] APP Tg2576 mice Decreased Aβ burden in young mice; no effects on F2-IsoPs or Aβ burden in older plaque-bearing mice. [125 , 126 ] Selegiline (L-deprenyl) Treatment with selegiline (10 mg a day) in patients with moderately severe impairment from AD Reduced neuronal damage and slowed progression of AD. [73 ]
