Insulin Resistance, Ceramide Accumulation, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Chronic Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Figure 5

Chronic ALD results in increased hepatic ER stress. ER stress protein expression and phosphorylation were measured by ELISA using HRP-conjugated secondary antibody and Amplex UltraRed soluble fluorophore. Graphs depict immunoreactivity corresponding to (a) Bip/GRP78, (b) CHOP, (c) inositol requiring enzyme-1 (IRE-1), (d) calnexin, (e) endoplasmic oxidoreductin-1 (ERO-1), (f) protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), (g) PERK, (h) phospho PERK (Thr980), (i) eIF2-α, and (j) phospho eIF2-α (Ser51). Fluorescence was measured (Ex 530 nm/Em 590 nm) in a Spectramax M5 microplate reader (FLU = fluorescence light units). Intergroup comparisons were made by Student’s 𝑡-test analysis. Significant 𝑃 values are shown over the graphs.