Insulin Resistance, Ceramide Accumulation, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Chronic Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Table 1

List of primers used for qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression.

Primer		Sequence (5^′→3^′)	Position (mRNA)	Amplicon size (bp)	UPL probe no.
HERP	FOR	ACTGTCGTTGCAGAGATTGC	322	107	70
HERP	REV	GTTCGGTCTCGGACTCCAT	410
GRP-78/Bip	FOR	TGAAGGTGAAAGACCCCTGA	1654	107	15
GRP-78/Bip	REV	CAAAGGTGACTTCAATCTGTGG	1739
EDEM-1	FOR	GCTGAGTGATTACCTTAGCCACA	5504	72	15
EDEM-1	REV	TGGACAGGAAAGCTCAGGAT	5556
WARS	FOR	CTGGACGGGTGGACTTAGC	2667	77	74
WARS	REV	GAGGCCTGCCTAGACATCTG	2724
PDI	FOR	TGAGGTCTGCGGAAGGTC	2226	95	16
PDI	REV	TCCGAGATACTGTCGTTTGTTG	2299
P58IPK	FOR	CTGAAGGAGCAAGAGACCATC	2182	76	87
P58IPK	REV	TTAATCCAAAGTCTAAGCCTGGATA	2233
BAX	FOR	TGACCCCTGACCTCACTGT	763	82	29
BAX	REV	TGAGCAATTCCAGAGGCAGT	825
CHOP	FOR	GTCATTGCCTTTCTCCTTCG	192	61	33
CHOP	REV	GTCCTCATACCAGGCTTCCA	233
ATF-4	FOR	AAGGAGTTCGACTTGGATGC	1156	78	85
ATF-4	REV	ATCCAACGTGGTCAGAAGGT	1214
CERS1	FOR	CAATGTGGGCATCCTTGTG	669	61	4
CERS1	REV	GGTGAACTCAAGCTGCACG	711
CERS2	FOR	ACTTCTGGTGGGAACGTCTG	370	73	27
CERS2	REV	ACACGTCCATCTCGGTCTTC	423
CERS4	FOR	GCAGGTGATACACCACTTCG	944	91	62
CERS4	REV	TAACAGCAGCACCAGAGAGC	1015
CERS5	FOR	CATATGCGTGAGTTTCATTGC	1440	95	57
CERS5	REV	GTGGAACTAAGGTGGGTTCAGT	1513
CERS6	FOR	GCTGGTTTCGACAAAGACG	468	60	2
CERS6	REV	TCTCACAGAACCTCGTCAGC	508
UGCG	FOR	GATCAGGTGGACCAAACTACG	1109	71	4
UGCG	REV	AGCATTCTGAAATTGGCTCAC	1159
GM3 Syn	FOR	TGCTGCTGATACTGGGTCTG	1710	77	26
GM3 Syn	REV	CAACAGAGAAGGGTTGTGACC	1766
SMPD-1	FOR	GCACACCTGTCAATAGCTTCC	1142	78	52
SMPD-1	REV	TGGCCATCGCTTCATAGAG	1201
SMPD-3	FOR	AGGACCTGCTGTCTGCTGTC	3956	76	79
SMPD-3	REV	TTGCAGCTCAATGGGTGAC	4013
SPTLC-1	FOR	CGCGCTACTTGGAGAAAGA	1324	77	52
SPTLC-1	REV	CTCTGTTTGTTCCACCGTGA	1381
SPTLC-2	FOR	ATCGGTGTCGTTGTGGTTG	1659	82	21
SPTLC-2	REV	TGGTATGAGCTGCTGACAGG	1721
CERD2	FOR	GACCATGTCTGGACGAAGACTTC	1626	77	34
CERD2	REV	CAACAGTCATGTTCTGCATCCC	1681
CERD3	FOR	GGCAGTGGCTATAGCATATGG	367	85	12
CERD3	REV	AGACCAGGCGGATGAACTG	433

Abbreviations: CERS: ceramide synthase; SMPD: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; UGCG: UDP glucose ceramide glycosyltransferase; SPTLC: serine palmitoyl transferase; CERD: ceramidase; GM3Syn: GM3-synthase; EDEM: ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; p58IPK: inhibitor of interferon-induced and double stranded RNA activated kinase; GRP78: glucose regulated protein 78; ATF: activating transcription factor-4; HERP: homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1; WARS: tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase.