Dietary Anthocyanins as Nutritional Therapy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Table 3

Studies evaluating the effect of anthocyanins on hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in vivo.

Paper	Anthocyanin	Food	Model	Metabolic effects	Molecular effects
48	Anthocyanin factor	Sweet potato	Mice fed HFD	⇓ weight gain; ⇓ steatosis	⇑ pAMPK and pACC; ⇓ Srepb1c, FAS, ACC
49	Cyaniding-3-O-β-glucoside	—	KKAy mice	⇓ steatosis	⇓ GPAT1 translocation to OMM
51	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	—	db/db mice	⇑ antioxidants (GSH); ⇓ steatosis, ROS, and inflammation	⇑ PKA and CREB
55	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	Blackcurrant	Rats	⇓ steatosis; ⇓ hepatic saturated FAs; ⇑ antioxidants	?
56	Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside	—	C57Bl/6 on HFD and db/db	⇓ glucose and IR; ⇓ cytokines and adipose tissue inflammation; ⇓ steatosis	⇓ hepatic JNK; ⇓ hepatic FOXO1 activity and gluconeogenesis
57	Several	Tart cherry	Dahl Salt-Sensitive rat	⇓ fasting glucose; ⇓ hyperlipidemia; ⇓ hyperinsulinemia; ⇓ steatosis	⇑ PPAR𝛼; ⇑ acyl-coenzyme A oxidase
58	—	Vitis coignetiae Pulliat leaves (yama-budo)	Rats on HFD choline deficient diet	⇓ liver enzymes and liver fibrosis; ⇓ CYP2E1; ⇑ antioxidants	?
59	Several	Moro orange juice	C57Bl/6 mice on HFD	⇓ weight gain; ⇓ IR, ⇓ TGs,; ⇓ steatosis	⇓ LXR, FAS; ⇑ PPAR𝛼, Srebp1c
27	Several	Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)	Zucker rats	⇓ hyperlipidemia	⇑ PPAR𝛼; ⇓ Srebp1c
60	—	Blueberry	Zucker rats on HFD	⇓ IR and lipids; ⇓ adiposity; ⇓ steatosis	⇑ PPARα
61	—	Mulberry	Hamsters on HFD	⇓ weight gain and visceral fat,; ⇓ TGs, chol, FFAs; ⇓ steatosis	⇓ HMG-CoA, FAS; ⇑ PPAR𝛼, CPT-1
62	Several	Elderberry	Hamsters fed high fat fish oil	⇓ serum lipids; ⇓ steatosis; ⇓ lipoperoxidation	?
63	—	Mulberry	Rats on HFD	⇓ serum lipids; ⇓ hepatic and serum lipoperoxidation	⇑ antioxidants

HFD: high fat diet; IR: insulin resistance; TGs: triglycerides; LXR: liver X receptor; FAS: fatty acid synthase; GAPT1: glycerol 3 phosphate acyl transferase; PPAR𝛼: peroxisomes proliferator activated receptor 𝛼; chol: cholesterol; FFAs: free fatty acids; CPT-1: carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-1; HMG-CoA red: 3-hydroxymethyl-3-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; p: phospho; AMPK: adenosine monophoshopate protein kinase; Srebp1c: sterol regulated element binding protein 1c; ACC: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; FOXO1: forkhead box O1.