Natural Compounds as Modulators of NADPH Oxidases

Table 2

NOX inhibitors.

Name and origin	Mechanism of action	NOX isoform selectivity	Other pharmacological effects	References
AEBSF; synthetic	Inhibits p47^phox assembly with oxidase subunit	NOX2	Proteases inhibitor	[64]
Apocynin; picrorhiza kurroa	Inhibits p47^phox assembly with membrane	NOX2	H2O2 scavenging	[65]
Berberine; Berberis	Inhibition of gp91^phoxexpression	NOX2	Enhancement of SOD activity	[72]
Blueberry derived polyphenols	Disrupts NOX assembly in lipid rafts	NOX2	Minimal if any ROS scavenging capacity	[82]
Celastrol; Tripterygium wilfordii	Inhibition of association between cytosolic subunits and the membrane subunit	Mostly Nox1 and NOX2	None reported	[96]
DPI	Flavoprotein inhibitor	No selectivity	Inhibits NOS, xanthine oxidase, NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytocrome P450 oxidoreducatese	[60–63]
EGCG; green tea	Inhibits the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits	No selectivity	ROS scavenging capacity and ENOX proteins function as terminal oxidases of plasma membrane electron transport (PMET)	[87]
Emodin; and rhein Rhubarb	NADPH oxidase p47^phox activation	NOX2?	Interfere with electron transport process and in altering cellular redox status	[74]
Ginko biloba	Inhibition of Rac1- and p47^phox-mediated NADPH oxidase activation	NOX2?	Increases the expression of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase heat shock protein 70	[79]
HDMPPA; Fruits and nuts kimchi	Downregulates expression of p47^phox and Rac1	NOX2?	Preservation of NO bioavailability	[75]
Magnolol and honokiol; magnolia	Inhibit ERK pathway	unknown	Inhibit NO production	[81]
Plumbagin	Unknown	Nox4	ROS scavenger	[90–95]
Prodigiosin; microbial pigment	Inhibits the binding of p47^phox and Rac to the membrane components	NOX2?	Reduces gp91(phox) and iNOS expression	[82–84]
Resveratrol; red wine	Decreases NADPH oxidase expression (p47^phox)	NOX2?	Free-radicals-scavenging	[88, 89]
S17834	Unknown	NOX2 NOX4	None reported	[90]
Sinomenine; Sinomenium; acutum	Inhibits p47^phoxtranslocation to the cell membrane	NOX2?	Minimal interaction with opiate receptors	[85]