Acute Hyperglycemia Abolishes Ischemic Preconditioning by Inhibiting Akt Phosphorylation: Normalizing Blood Glucose before Ischemia Restores Ischemic Preconditioning

Table 1

Blood glucose levels before index LAD occlusion and perioperative heart rates.

Groups	Blood glucose (mg/dL)		Heart rate (beats per minutes)
	5′ before Pre-C	5′ before occlusion	Before occlusion	During occlusion	Reperfusion
Control		168±27	415±9	484±9^#	479±11^#
HG		438±51^∗	432±10	516±14^#	521±15^#
HG + insulin	467±47^Π	140±12	393±7	483±30^#	477±20^#
Pre-C		159±32	394±7	455±13^#	450±7^#
HG + Pre-C		454±12^∗	401±7	487±17^#	511±15^#
HG + Pre-C + insulin	407±169^Π	125±7	395±12	492±29^#	494±20^#

HG: hyperglycemia; Pre-C: ischemic preconditioning.
^∗𝑃<0.05 versus non-HG groups; ^Π𝑃<0.05 versus 5 min before index LAD occlusion; ^#𝑃<0.05 versus before index LAD occlusion.