Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Clinical Study

Analysis of Serum and Urinal Copper and Zinc in Chinese Northeast Population with the Prediabetes or Diabetes with and without Complications

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of subjects.


	CON ()	IFG ()		IGT ()		T1D ()		T2D ()

Age (years)	55.0 (45.0–63.0)	50.5 (43.0–51.8)	0.038*	53.0 (49.0–55.0)	0.285	25.0 (19.0–30.5)	0.001*	56.0 (46.0–63.0)	0.521
Sex, male (%)	31 (62.0)	8 (66.7)	0.764	9 (60.0)	0.889	8 (32.0)	0.014*	85 (62.0)	0.996
BMI (kg/m²)	21.6 (19.5–22.9)	22.4 (20.5–27.6)	0.110	22.1 (20.4–24.0)	0.055	22.9 (20.3–27.5)	0.002*	25.4 (23.3–27.6)	0.001*
Hypertension (%)	0	3 (25.0)	0.001*	4 (26.7)	0.001*	15 (60.0)	0.001*	58 (42.3)	0.001*
Dyslipidemia (%)	0	4 (33.3)	<0.001*	5 (33.3)	0.001*	22 (88.0)	<0.001*	77 (56.2)	0.001*
Glu (mmol/L)	4.8 (4.1–5.6)	6.4 (6.3–6.7)	<0.001*	5.9 (5.6–6.1)	0.019*	11.9 (8.5–14.8)	<0.001*	8.8 (7.5–11.5)	0.001*
HbA1c (%)	5.1 (4.2–6.0)	6.1 (5.9–6.2)	0.017*	5.5 (5.4–5.7)	0.278	11.8 (10.3–14.2)	<0.001*	8.4 (7.7–8.9)	0.001*
RBC (×10¹²)	4.8 (4.3–5.0)	4.9 (4.3–5.0)	0.830	4.8 (4.4–5.0)	0.604	5.0 (4.6–5.2)	0.229	4.7 (4.3–5.1)	0.344
Hb (g/L)	133.2 (128.1–153.7)	143.5 (131.3–148.0)	0.837	142.0 (132.0–148.0)	0.578	146.0 (135.0–155.0)	0.324	141.0 (129.0–154.0)	0.791
BUN (mmol/L)	5.5 (4.2–6.4)	6.5 (5.4–7.2)	0.389	4.5 (3.6–5.4)	0.400	5.7 (4.3–6.6)	0.063	6.2 (5.2–8.3)	0.938
Cre (μmol/L)	73.9 (63.1–80.9)	66.7 (60.3–70.2)	0.951	64.5 (56.9–74.1)	0.138	71.5 (61.6–88.1)	0.286	77.5 (64.6–113.6)	0.657
eGFR (mL/min)	24.6 (22.7–26.4)	21.9 (20.2–25.2)	0.009*	25.4 (22.8–27.0)	0.487	115.7 (83.8–143.5)	<0.001*	87.4 (54.0–112.7)	0.001*
Cu (mg/L)	0.80 (0.70–0.99)	1.13 (1.02–1.29)	0.001*	1.15 (1.03–1.24)	0.001*	0.94 (0.75–1.19)	0.352	1.07 (0.95–1.33)	0.001*
UCu (μg/L)	25.0 (22.0–40.0)	32.0 (28.3–42.5)	0.293	26.0 (24.0–28.0)	0.306	25.0 (23.0–27.5)	0.187	30.0 (25.5–40.5)	0.408
Zn (mg/L)	0.81 (0.67–0.93)	0.75 (0.70–0.84)	0.462	0.77 (0.67–0.87)	0.834	0.59 (0.53–0.75)	0.056	0.61 (0.51–0.75)	0.001*
UZn (mg/L)	0.20 (0.14–0.32)	0.32 (0.26–0.37)	0.745	0.27 (0.19–0.41)	0.836	0.86 (0.67–0.91)	<0.001*	0.48 (0.38–0.57)	0.001*
Zn/Cu	0.92 (0.84–1.07)	0.68 (0.62–0.73)	0.009*	0.65 (0.62–0.77)	0.002*	0.64 (0.57–0.77)	0.018*	0.56 (0.43–0.68)	0.001*
CHO (mmol/L)	4.5 (3.2–5.1)	4.8 (4.5–5.1)	0.228	4.7 (4.2–5.0)	0.169	5.4 (4.4–5.7)	0.548	5.0 (4.4–6.0)	0.594
TG (mmol/L)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	1.4 (1.3–1.6)	0.893	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	0.079	1.8 (1.1–2.8)	0.346	1.6 (1.1–2.7)	0.490
HDL (mmol/L)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	0.981	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	0.619	1.1 (1.0–1.5)	0.095	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	0.665
LDL (mmol/L)	2.4 (2.0–2.9)	3.0 (2.5–3.2)	0.464	2.9 (2.6–3.1)	0.002*	3.5 (2.8–4.2)	0.763	3.4 (2.7–3.8)	0.044*

Data are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). Baseline characteristics were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension and dyslipidemia by analysis of covariance using general linear models. * versus control group. BMI: body mass index, Glu: serum glucose, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, RBC: red blood cell, Hb: hemoglobin, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, Cre: serum creatinine, eGFR: estimating GFR, Cu: serum copper, UCu: urinary copper, Zn: serum zinc, UZn: urinary zinc, CHO: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.