Metal Dyshomeostasis and Inflammation in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: Possible Impact of Environmental Exposures
Figure 3
General “cyclo–(D-Ala1–X2–D–MeAsp3–Z4–Adda5–D–Glu6–Mdha7)” structure of microcystins (MCs), showing the most frequently found variations. X and Z are variable L-amino acids (in MC-LR, MC-LF and MC-LW, X = L-Leucine (L) and Z = arginine (R), phenylalanine (F) or tryptophan (W)); R1 and R2 are H (demethylmicrocystins) or CH3; D-MeAsp is D-erythro-β-methylaspartic acid and Adda is (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6 dienooic acid; Mdha is N-methyldehydroalanine (Dha = dehydroalanine). From [82].
