Cadmium and Its Neurotoxic Effects

Table 2

Literature review of Cd neurotoxicity in humans and rats.

Year	Study design	Age group	E/C (𝑛)	Exposure to Cd	Expose pathways	Effects	Reference
1961	Cross-sectional	Male worker	106E/84C	—	Occupational exposure	Anosmia	[63]
1977	Cross- sectional	Children	31E/22C	CdH	Daily life	Neurological disorders, such as learning disabilities and hyperactivity	[11]
1981	Cross-sectional	Children	73E/44C	CdH	Daily life	Dyslexic, learning disorder	[15]
1981	Cross-sectional	Workers	49E	CdU	Occupational exposure	Polyneuropathy	[64]
1982	Cross-sectional	Children	149	CdH	Daily life	Effect on verbal I.Q.	[16]
1985	Case-control	Young men	40	CdH	Daily life	Behavioural difficulty	[65]
1985	Cross-sectional	Children	69	CdH	Daily life	Nonadaptive classroom behavior, affected behavioral development visuomotor skills ↓	[18]
1989	Cross-sectional	Male workers	31E	CdU	Occupational exposure	↓ Attention, memory, and psychomotor speed	[66]
1992	Cross-sectional	Worker	38E	CdU	Occupational exposure	90% Headache; 42% dizzy spells 21% weakness; 16% brain atrophy	[67]
1992	Cross-sectional	Worker	55E/16C	CdU	Occupational exposure	Hyposmia	[68]
1997	Case report	Old man	1	Multiple organ failure	Occupational exposure, acute	Parkinsonism	[50]
1999	Cross-sectional	Worker	13E/19C	CdU	Occupational exposure	Polyneuropathy	[37]
2000	Cross-sectional	Adult worker	42E/47C	CdU	Occupational exposure	↓ Motor speed, attention, memory ↑ equilibrium, PNP, and concentration complaints	[69]
2006	Case report	Adult workers	1	CdU	Inhale the fumes	Peripheral neuropathy	[70]
2009	Cross-sectional	Children	549	CdH	Daily life	Withdrawal, social problems and attention problems associated	[71]
2012	Wistar rats	Male	20E/20C	Intratracheal instillation	Experiment exposure	Dose- and time-dependent shift from slower to faster waves	[72]

E: exposed subjects, C: control subjects; CdU: urinary cadmium concentration; CdH: concentration of cadmium in hair; I.Q.: Intelligence Quotient.