Brazilian Green Propolis Suppresses the Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses by Inhibiting NF-κB Activation in Microglia
Figure 4
Inhibitory effects of propolis on the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and 8-oxo-dG in the cortical microglia of mice exposed to hypoxia. Immunofluorescent CLMS images of IL-1β (a, e, i), TNF-α (b, f, j), IL-6 (c, g, k), and 8-oxo-dG (d, h, l) in the Iba1-positve cortical microglia of mice exposed to normoxia (20% O2) or hypoxia (10% O2) for 4 h with or without pretreatment of propolis (8.33 mg/kg, 2 times/day). (m–p) The mean cell number of IL-1β-positive (m), TNF-α-positive (n), IL-6-positive (o) and 8-oxo-dG-positive (p) Iba1-positive microglia in the somatosensory cortex per 0.15 mm2. Each column and bar represent the mean ± SEM ( each). Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference from the value in normoxia (*, **). Scale bar = 20 μm.
