Research Article

Indices of Paraoxonase and Oxidative Status Do Not Enhance the Prediction of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Mixed-Ancestry South Africans

Table 1

General characteristics of the participants.

VariablesOverallSexDiabetesBMI
MenWomen NoYes NormalOverweightObese

49112636534914293137261
Female, (%)365 (74.3)0365 (100)257 (73.6)108 (76.1)0.57847 (50.5)93 (67.9)235 (90.0)<0.0001
Age (years)54.6 (13.2)55.4 (13.3) 54.3 (13.2)0.40152.5 (13.4)59.6 (11.5)<0.000155.3 (15.2)53.6 (13.3)54.8 (12.6)0.568
BMI (kg/m2)31.4 (8.1)27.5 (7.0)32.8 (8.0)<0.000130.6 (7.3)33.4 (9.5)0.00221.5 (3.1)27.6 (1.4)37.0 (6.7)<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)96.4 (15.4)94.9 (14.5)96.9 (15.7)0.20894.6 (16.1)100.8 (12.9)<0.000180.5 (17.1)90.7 (8.4)105.1 (11.2)<0.0001
Waist/hip ratio0.89 (0.12)0.93 (0.12)0.87 (0.12)<0.00010.88 (0.12)0.92 (0.12)0.0010.85 (0.19)0.89 (0.09)0.90 (0.10)0.010
Systolic BP (mmHg)136 (26)138 (24)136 (27)0.309133 (23)144 (31)0.0001133 (31)135 (25)136 (25)0.138
Diastolic BP (mmHg)82 (14)84 (15)81 (13)0.03081 (14)84 (14)0.05578 (12)81 (12)83 (15)0.002
FPG (mmol/L)6.4 (2.9)6.2 (2.5)6.5 (3.1)0.2925.1 (0.7)9.5 (3.9)<0.00015.3 (1.5)6.6 (3.4)6.7 (3.0)0.0003
HbA1c (%)6.6 (1.6)6.3 (1.4)6.7 (1.7)0.0255.9 (0.4)8.3 (2.2)<0.00015.9 (1.0)6.8 (2.0)6.7 (1.6)<0.0001
Creatinine (µM)74.8 (25.5)89.5 (35.5)69.6 (18.5)<0.000175.3 (20.0)81.1 (42.8)0.2179.4 (19.1)75.0 (19.3)73.7 (30.0)0.480
C-reactive protein (mg/L)5.1 [2.0–8.9]3.7 [1.5–7.6]5.6 [2.2–9.2]0.0255.0 [1.9–8.4]5.5 [2.5–10.2]0.1263.0 [1.0–5.6]2.9 [1.4–6.6]6.8 [3.5–11.1]0.375
GGT (IU/L)27 [19–43]31 [24–46]25 [17–41]<0.000125 [18–41]29 [23–50]0.00326 [18–42]25 [18–43]28 [20–43]0.451
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)5.5 (1.1)5.4 (1.0)5.5 (1.1)0.4945.5 (1.1)5.5 (1.2)0.3605.4 (1.1)5.7 (1.1)5.4 (1.0)0.072
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)1.4 (0.4)1.3 (0.5)1.4 (0.4)0.0581.4 (0.4)1.3 (0.4)0.0091.6 (0.5)1.3 (0.4)1.3 (0.3)<0.0001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)3.4 (1.0)3.4 (0.9)3.4 (1.0)0.5253.4 (0.9)3.4 (1.0)0.9903.3 (1.1)3.6 (1.0)3.4 0.9)0.026
Triglycerides (mmol/L)1.5 (0.9)1.7 (1.1)1.5 (0.8)0.0471.4 (0.8)1.8 (1.0)<0.00011.2 (0.8)1.6 (0.9)1.6 (0.9)0.0001
CIMT (mm)0.82 [0.67–1.02]0.95 [0.72–1.22]0.80 [0.65–0.95]<0.00010.77 [0.65–0.93]0.98 [0.77–1.15]<0.00010.85 [0.65–1.08]0.80 [0.70–0.92]0.82 [0.68–1.00]0.227
PON1 (µg/mL)96 [74–111]88 [69–105]98 [78–112]0.00299 [77–112]91 [66–107]0.0005107 [92–115]99 [77–111]91 [71–108]0.0006
PONase (U/L)184 [131–220]194 [158–218]183 [124–221]0.091204 [167–225]156 [96–182]<0.0001221 [186–244]198 [156–226]172 [102–206]<0.0001
AREase (kU/L)107 [82–132]91 [65–104]117 [90–137]<0.0001113 [91–137]90 [63–115]<0.0001118 [96–147]107 [80–132]98 [77–123]<0.0001
FRAP (µM)677 [545–827]732 [592–861]655 [537–811]0.006722 [588–852]614 [471–732]<0.0001754 [642–911]725 [583–852]638 [523–749]<0.0001
TEAC (nM)1279 [944–1654]1366 [1018–1742]1271 [936–1631]0.0861423 [1077–1746]1051 [681–1320]<0.00011570 [1238–1882]1366 [1153–1846]1206 [879–1505]<0.0001
Ox-LDL (ng/mL)4408 [3143–5911]5141 [3979–6333]4110 [2834–5484]<0.00013916 [2755–5138]5885 [4602–6944]<0.00013535 [2511–4747]4337 [2859–5736]4780 [3683–6216]<0.0001
TBARS (nM)2277 [1559–3132]2042 [1527–2772]2304 [1625–3214]0.2031982 [1406–2672]3152 [2380–3655]<0.00011546 [1046–2369]2238 [1546–3115]2533 [1924–3281]<0.0001

FPG: fasting plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; BP blood pressure; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; PON1: paraoxonase 1; PONase: paraoxonase; AREase: arylesterase; FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; Ox-LDL: oxidized LDL; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.