Research Article
Indices of Paraoxonase and Oxidative Status Do Not Enhance the Prediction of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Mixed-Ancestry South Africans
Table 1
General characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Overall | Sex | Diabetes | BMI | Men | Women | | No | Yes | | Normal | Overweight | Obese | |
| | 491 | 126 | 365 | | 349 | 142 | | 93 | 137 | 261 | | Female, (%) | 365 (74.3) | 0 | 365 (100) | | 257 (73.6) | 108 (76.1) | 0.578 | 47 (50.5) | 93 (67.9) | 235 (90.0) | <0.0001 | Age (years) | 54.6 (13.2) | 55.4 (13.3) | 54.3 (13.2) | 0.401 | 52.5 (13.4) | 59.6 (11.5) | <0.0001 | 55.3 (15.2) | 53.6 (13.3) | 54.8 (12.6) | 0.568 | BMI (kg/m2) | 31.4 (8.1) | 27.5 (7.0) | 32.8 (8.0) | <0.0001 | 30.6 (7.3) | 33.4 (9.5) | 0.002 | 21.5 (3.1) | 27.6 (1.4) | 37.0 (6.7) | <0.0001 | Waist circumference (cm) | 96.4 (15.4) | 94.9 (14.5) | 96.9 (15.7) | 0.208 | 94.6 (16.1) | 100.8 (12.9) | <0.0001 | 80.5 (17.1) | 90.7 (8.4) | 105.1 (11.2) | <0.0001 | Waist/hip ratio | 0.89 (0.12) | 0.93 (0.12) | 0.87 (0.12) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.12) | 0.92 (0.12) | 0.001 | 0.85 (0.19) | 0.89 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.10) | 0.010 | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 136 (26) | 138 (24) | 136 (27) | 0.309 | 133 (23) | 144 (31) | 0.0001 | 133 (31) | 135 (25) | 136 (25) | 0.138 | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82 (14) | 84 (15) | 81 (13) | 0.030 | 81 (14) | 84 (14) | 0.055 | 78 (12) | 81 (12) | 83 (15) | 0.002 | FPG (mmol/L) | 6.4 (2.9) | 6.2 (2.5) | 6.5 (3.1) | 0.292 | 5.1 (0.7) | 9.5 (3.9) | <0.0001 | 5.3 (1.5) | 6.6 (3.4) | 6.7 (3.0) | 0.0003 | HbA1c (%) | 6.6 (1.6) | 6.3 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.7) | 0.025 | 5.9 (0.4) | 8.3 (2.2) | <0.0001 | 5.9 (1.0) | 6.8 (2.0) | 6.7 (1.6) | <0.0001 | Creatinine (µM) | 74.8 (25.5) | 89.5 (35.5) | 69.6 (18.5) | <0.0001 | 75.3 (20.0) | 81.1 (42.8) | 0.21 | 79.4 (19.1) | 75.0 (19.3) | 73.7 (30.0) | 0.480 | C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 5.1 [2.0–8.9] | 3.7 [1.5–7.6] | 5.6 [2.2–9.2] | 0.025 | 5.0 [1.9–8.4] | 5.5 [2.5–10.2] | 0.126 | 3.0 [1.0–5.6] | 2.9 [1.4–6.6] | 6.8 [3.5–11.1] | 0.375 | GGT (IU/L) | 27 [19–43] | 31 [24–46] | 25 [17–41] | <0.0001 | 25 [18–41] | 29 [23–50] | 0.003 | 26 [18–42] | 25 [18–43] | 28 [20–43] | 0.451 | Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.1) | 0.494 | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.2) | 0.360 | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 5.4 (1.0) | 0.072 | HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | 0.058 | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.009 | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.0001 | LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | 0.525 | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | 0.990 | 3.3 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.4 0.9) | 0.026 | Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 (0.9) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.047 | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.0) | <0.0001 | 1.2 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.9) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.0001 | CIMT (mm) | 0.82 [0.67–1.02] | 0.95 [0.72–1.22] | 0.80 [0.65–0.95] | <0.0001 | 0.77 [0.65–0.93] | 0.98 [0.77–1.15] | <0.0001 | 0.85 [0.65–1.08] | 0.80 [0.70–0.92] | 0.82 [0.68–1.00] | 0.227 | PON1 (µg/mL) | 96 [74–111] | 88 [69–105] | 98 [78–112] | 0.002 | 99 [77–112] | 91 [66–107] | 0.0005 | 107 [92–115] | 99 [77–111] | 91 [71–108] | 0.0006 | PONase (U/L) | 184 [131–220] | 194 [158–218] | 183 [124–221] | 0.091 | 204 [167–225] | 156 [96–182] | <0.0001 | 221 [186–244] | 198 [156–226] | 172 [102–206] | <0.0001 | AREase (kU/L) | 107 [82–132] | 91 [65–104] | 117 [90–137] | <0.0001 | 113 [91–137] | 90 [63–115] | <0.0001 | 118 [96–147] | 107 [80–132] | 98 [77–123] | <0.0001 | FRAP (µM) | 677 [545–827] | 732 [592–861] | 655 [537–811] | 0.006 | 722 [588–852] | 614 [471–732] | <0.0001 | 754 [642–911] | 725 [583–852] | 638 [523–749] | <0.0001 | TEAC (nM) | 1279 [944–1654] | 1366 [1018–1742] | 1271 [936–1631] | 0.086 | 1423 [1077–1746] | 1051 [681–1320] | <0.0001 | 1570 [1238–1882] | 1366 [1153–1846] | 1206 [879–1505] | <0.0001 | Ox-LDL (ng/mL) | 4408 [3143–5911] | 5141 [3979–6333] | 4110 [2834–5484] | <0.0001 | 3916 [2755–5138] | 5885 [4602–6944] | <0.0001 | 3535 [2511–4747] | 4337 [2859–5736] | 4780 [3683–6216] | <0.0001 | TBARS (nM) | 2277 [1559–3132] | 2042 [1527–2772] | 2304 [1625–3214] | 0.203 | 1982 [1406–2672] | 3152 [2380–3655] | <0.0001 | 1546 [1046–2369] | 2238 [1546–3115] | 2533 [1924–3281] | <0.0001 |
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FPG: fasting plasma glucose; BMI: body mass index; BP blood pressure; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; PON1: paraoxonase 1; PONase: paraoxonase; AREase: arylesterase; FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; Ox-LDL: oxidized LDL; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.
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