Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal

Table 1

Common pathological processes linked to MDA and 4-HNE.

Pathological processes	Aldehyde	References
Alzheimer’s disease	MDA; 4-HNE	[104–113]; [81, 108, 114–121]
Cancer	MDA; 4-HNE	[109, 122–130]; [72, 126–128, 131–136]
Cardiovascular diseases	MDA; 4-HNE	[72, 79, 109, 123, 135, 137–141]; [72, 104, 109, 131, 135, 138, 139, 142–144]
Diabetes	MDA; 4-HNE	[79, 109, 123, 140, 145–150]; [131, 135, 142, 143, 151–156]
Liver disease	MDA; 4-HNE	[123, 135, 157–164]; [135, 160–163, 165–169]
Parkinson’s disease	MDA; 4-HNE	[81, 108, 114–121]; [72, 114, 131, 135, 142, 170–174]