Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction across Broad-Ranging Pathologies: Toward Mitochondria-Targeted Clinical Strategies

Table 3

Ageing and ageing-related degenerative disorders displaying OS/MDF hallmarks.

Diseases	OS/MDF hallmarks	References
Ageing	Age-related ↑ oxidative DNA damage and ↓ GSH : GSSG ratio; ↑ Fe accumulation;	[102–107]
	impaired mt function related to ↓ complex I and IV; overoxidized Prdx3; mtDNA damage
	↓ pyruvate dehydrogenase; ↑ pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
Cardiovascular diseases	lipid and protein oxidation; NADPH oxidase dysregulation; ↑ peroxynitrite;	[108–113]
	mt damage and dysfunction; endothelial dysfunction, with ↓ NO bioactivity;
	↑ SOD-2 and mtDNA mutations in atherosclerotic plaques
Metabolic syndrome	↑ plasma 8-isoprostanes; ↓ total antioxidant capacity; ↓ serum Vit C and E;	[114–119]
	↑ TBARS; ↓ complex I; ↑ NADPH oxidase; downregulated SIRT3 leading to
	↑ mt protein acetylation; Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) activation; ↓ mtDNA
	copy number; ↓ paraoxonase-1; dysregulated carnitine palmitoyltransferase
Osteoarthritis	↓ total antioxidant capacity, thiol levels, catalase activity and prolidase activities;	[120–124]
	↑ total peroxides and lipid peroxides, ↑ myeloperoxidase; mt genome dysregulation
	(17 up- and 9 downregulated mt genes); ↓ complexes I, II and III; ↑↓ SOD-2
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	↑ 15-F2t-IsoP and AOPP; ↑ HNE, Trx and HSP70; ↓ GSH:GSSG; ↑ 8-OHdG and	[125–133]
	protein carbonyls in saliva; ↑ NADPH oxidase; ↓ complex I and/or IV;
	↑ SOD-2 and TrxR3 in platelets; ↑ NO and S-nitrosylation