The Protective Role of Antioxidants in the Defence against ROS/RNS-Mediated Environmental Pollution

Table 3

Studies demonstrating increased oxidative stress/damage due to pesticide exposure and the protective effects of antioxidants.

Pesticide	Increased oxidative stress markers	Study	Antioxidants exerting a protective effect	Study
General	ROS	Bagchi et al. (1995) [145]; Song et al. (2007) [164]; Olgun and Misra (2006) [147]
	DNA damage	Bagchi et al. (1995, 1996) [145, 165]; Kisby et al. (2009) [166]
	Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione redox system	Yi et al. (2007) [167]
	Increased level of malondialdehyde; Lipid peroxidation	Kesavachandran et al. (2006) [168]; Hassoun et al. (1993) [148]
Bipyridylium herbicides (paraquat, diquat and difenzoquat)	Production of superoxide anions and singlet oxygen	Bus et al. (1976) [149]	Selenium	Combs and Peterson (1983) [169]; Glass et al. (1985) [170]; Cheng et al. (1998) [171]
	Lipid peroxidation (peroxidation of cellular membranes)	Bus et al. (1976) [149]
	Alterations in antioxidant enzymes and the glutathione redox system	Takizawa et al. (2007) [172]	Glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase	Aono et al. (1995) [173]
Organo-phosphate insecticides	Lipid peroxidation	Gultekin et al. (2001) [154]; Akturk et al. (2006) [174]; Hassoun et al. (1993) [148]	Melatonin, vitamin C and vitamin E	Gultekin et al. (2001) [154]
	Decreased antioxidant defence	Gultekin et al. (2001) [154]; Verma et al. (2007) [175]; Akturk et al. (2006) [174]	Vitamins A, E, and C	Verma et al. (2007) [175]; Altunas et al. (2002) [176]; Akturk et al. (2006) [174]
	Increased ROS production	Bagchi et al. (1995) [145]
	DNA damage	Bagchi et al. (1995) [145]	Zinc	Goel et al. (2005) [177]
Aldrin and dieldrin	ROS production	Stevenson et al. (1999) [178]	Alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid	Bachowski et al. (1998) [179]; Stevenson et al. (1995) [180]
	Depletion of the antioxidant defence	Klaunig et al. (1995) [181]
	Lipid peroxidation	Bachowski et al. (1998) [179]; Klaunig et al. (1995) [181]
	DNA damage	Klaunig et al. (1995) [181]
DDT	ROS production	Pérez-Maldonado et al. (2005) [150]	N-acetyl-L-cysteine	Pérez-Maldonado et al. (2005) [150]
	Lipid peroxidation	Hassoun et al. (1993) [148]
	DNA damage	Hassoun et al. (1993) [148]
Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (dioxins) and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (furans)	Depletion of the antioxidant defence	Ciftci et al. (2011) [160]; Stohs (1990) [182]; Karatas et al. (2008) [161]	Quercetin	Ciftci et al. (2011) [160]
	Lipid peroxidation	Stohs (1990) [182]; Karatas et al. (2008) [161]	Curcumin, β-myrcene and 1,8-cineole	Ciftci et al. (2011) [160]; Ciftci et al. (2010) [152]
			Resveratrol	Ishida et al. (2009) [162]
			Tea melanin	Hung et al. (2006) [153]
	TBARS	Ciftci et al. (2011) [160]	Vitamin A and vitamin E	Alsharif and Hassoun (2004) [183]
	Increased ROS production	Senft et al. (2002) [151]
	8-OHdG	Wen et al. (2008) [184]
	DNA damage	Stohs (1990) [182]
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)	ROS production (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide)	Song et al. (2008) [185]; Zhu et al. (2009) [155]	Dietary flavonoids (epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and quercetin)	Ramadass et al. (2003) [156]
	Imbalance in the antioxidant status	Zhu et al. (2009) [155]; Shimizu et al. (2007b) [186]	N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated Cu/Zn-SOD and PEG-conjugated catalase	Zhu et al. (2009) [155]
	Lipid peroxidation	Shimizu et al., (2007a) [187]	Red ginseng	Park et al. (2010) [157]
			Alpha-tocopherol	Banudevi et al. (2006) [188]; Sridevi et al. (2007) [158]
			Alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid	Krishnamoorthy et al. (2007) [189]; Murugesan et al. (2005) [159]; Zhou and Zhang (2005) [190]
			Melatonin	Venkataraman et al. (2008) [191]
			Lycopene	Elumalai et al. (2009) [192]