Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

Biomarkers of Dietary Polyphenols in Cancer Studies: Current Evidence and Beyond

Table 1

Epidemiological studies/clinical trials employed biomarkers of polyphenol exposure.


Reference	Location	Types of study	Cancer type	Number of subjects	Polyphenol	Plasma level¹ nmol/L	Urinary excretion¹ nmol/mg creatinine²

[35]	Australia	Case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 144 Controls: 144	Equol		nmol/24 h Cases: 97 Controls: 108.8
					Daidzein		nmol/24 h Cases: 782.9 Controls: 913.4

[36]	Netherland	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 88 Controls: 268	Genistein		Cases: 0.70 Controls: 0.81

[37]	Germany	Case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 220 Controls: 237	Genistein	Cases: 4.5 Controls: 3.7

[38]	Netherland	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 383 Controls: 383	Daidzein	Cases: 9.20–11.25 Controls: 10.31–12.86

[39]	UK	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Plasma Cases: 97 Controls: 187	Daidzein Genistein	All: 8.7 All: 12.9	All: 0.60 All: 0.23
				Urinary Cases: 114 Controls: 219	Equol	All: 0.4	All: 0.0036

[40]	China	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 60 Controls: 60	Daidzein		Cases: 2.15 Controls: 108.8
					Genistein		Cases: 0.76 Controls: 2.17

[41]	China	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 250 Controls: 250	Daidzein		Mean Cases: 4.95 Controls: 9.90
					Genistein		Mean Cases: 2.19 Controls: 4.37

[42]	Japan	Nested case-control	Breast cancer	Cases: 144 Controls: 288	Daidzein	Cases: 65.7 Controls: 70.4
					Genistein	Cases: 487.7 Controls: 534.7

[43]	Japan	Nested case-control	Prostate cancer	Cases: 201 Controls: 402	Daidzein	Cases: 145.5 Controls: 139.6
					Genistein	Cases: 330.4 Controls: 319.0
					Equol	Cases: 65.7 Controls: 70.4

[44]	UK	Nested case-control	Prostate cancer	Cases: 193 Controls: 828	Daidzein Genistein	All: 9.8 All: 25.5	All: 0.51 All: 0.25
					Equol	All: 0.04	All: 0.009

[45]	EU	Nested case-control	Prostate cancer	Cases: 950 Controls: 1042	Daidzein Genistein	All: 4.3 All: 6.7
					Equol	All: 0.8

[46]	US	Nested case-control	Prostate cancer	Cases: 249 Controls: 404	Daidzein		Cases: 0.173 Controls: 0.291
					Genistein		Cases: 0.048 Controls: 0.078
					Equol		Cases: 0.005 Controls: 0.004

[47]	Jamaica	Case-control	Prostate cancer	Cases: 175 Controls: 194	Daidzein		Cases: 0.199 Controls: 0.221
					Genistein		Cases: 0.280 Controls: 0.273
					Equol		Cases: 0.072 Controls: 0.067

[48]	US	Clinical trial	Prostate cancer		Catechin

[49]	China	Nested case-control	Colorectal cancer	Cases: 162 Controls: 806	EGC		Geometric mean Nondrinker: 1.11 Tea drinkers: −4.47
					4′-MeEGC		Geometric mean Nondrinker: 4.30 Tea drinkers: −17.40

[44]	UK	Nested case-control	Colorectal cancer	Cases: 221 Controls: 889	Daidzein Genistein	All: 8.7 All: 23.1	All: 0.53 All: 0.20
					Equol	All: 0.04	All: 0.002

[50]	China	Nested case-control	Gastric cancer	Cases: 190 Controls: 772	Catechins		Unclear

[51]	Korea	Nested case-control	Gastric cancer	Cases: 131 Controls: 393	Daidzein	Cases: 80.5 Controls: 131.2

[52]	Japan	Nested case-control	Gastric cancer	Cases: 483 Controls: 483	Daidzein	Cases: ~161 Controls: ~155
					Genistein	Cases: 17 Controls: 18

[50]	China	Nested case-control	Esophageal cancer	Cases: 42 Controls: 772	Catechins		Unclear

[53]	Japan	Nested case-control	Lung cancer	Cases: 126 Controls: 252	Daidzein	Cases: 115.2 Controls: 125.1
					Genistein	Cases: 266.4 Controls: 267.9
					Equol	Cases: 11.6 Controls: 14.4

[54]	China	Clinical trial	Liver cancer		Catechin

All values are median, unless otherwise noted.
²All units are nmol/mg creatinine, unless otherwise noted.