Effects of Polyphenols from Grape Seeds on Renal Lithiasis

Table 2

Histology data from renal papillary tissue (n = 3).

Pretreatment	EG treatment	Crystal deposits
CTR		0
EPI		0
RGS		0
WGS		0
CTR	EG	+++
EPI	EG	+++
RGS	EG	+
WGS	EG	++

(CTR): control with no pretreatment, (EPI): epicatechin pretreatment, (RGS): red grape seed extract pretreatment, (WGS): white grape seed extract pretreatment, and (EG): ethylene glycol/NH₄Cl treatment.
0 = no crystallization; + = mild crystallization; ++ = moderate crystallization; and +++ = severe crystallization.