Effects of Polyphenols from Grape Seeds on Renal Lithiasis

Table 3

Urinary biochemical data at the end of experiment, following 8 days of ethylene glycol/NH₄Cl treatment.

Pretreatment	EG treatment	Diuresis	Creatinine	pH	Oxalate	Calcium	Magnesium	Phosphorous
		(mL/24 h)	(mg/24 h)	(units)	(mM)	(mM)	(mM)	(mM)
CTR		30.7 ± 1.7	11.6 ± 0.3	7.2 ± 0.1	0.21 ± 0.02	0.56 ± 0.05	0.45 ± 0.05	14.20 ± 1.06
EPI		24.9 ± 2.1	9.3 ± 0.3	7.2 ± 0.0	0.24 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.05	0.44 ± 0.06	15.67 ± 1.31
RGS		25.4 ± 0.6	9.1 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 0.1	0.21 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.07	15.78 ± 0.65
WGS		27.8 ± 1.5	10.6 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 0.1	0.23 ± 0.02	0.53 ± 0.07	0.46 ± 0.06	13.17 ± 0.70^c
CTR	EG	9.0 ± 3.5^*	4.0 ± 0.1^*	7.1 ± 0.5	1.32 ± 0.13^*	0.29 ± 0.06^*	1.70 ± 0.43^*	50.51 ± 11.11^*
EPI	EG	7.8 ± 1.6^*	6.8 ± 0.3	6.3 ± 0.0^*	1.59 ± 0.08^*	0.10 ± 0.03	1.51 ± 0.15^*	23.07 ± 2.77
RGS	EG	12.3 ± 1.6	8.2 ± 0.4^a	7.6 ± 0.5^b	2.69 ± 0.63	0.08 ± 0.03	1.09 ± 0.15	34.65 ± 3.15
WGS	EG	16.0 ± 1.3	10.1 ± 0.2^a	6.2 ± 0.1	2.17 ± 0.12	0.04 ± 0.01	1.47 ± 0.28^*	33.87 ± 2.83

(CTR): control not pretreated, (EPI): epicatechin pretreated, (RGS): red grape seed extract pretreated, (WSE): white grape seed extract pretreated, and (EG): ethylene glycol/NH₄Cl treatment.
Values represent mean ± SEM; ^*values significantly different to the respective pretreated group, P ≤ 0.05; ^avalues significantly different to CTR, P ≤ 0.05; ^bvalues significantly different to EPI, P ≤ 0.05; ^cvalues significantly different to RGS, P ≤ 0.05.