Arginase as a Critical Prooxidant Mediator in the Binomial Endothelial Dysfunction-Atherosclerosis

Table 1

Original articles approaching the arginase isoforms in different clinical and experimental studies.

Arginase actions and their responses in the vasculature
Reference	Type of study	Study design	Type of arginase involved	Actions/results	Vascular damage
[12]	Preclinical	In vivo study with postmortem analysis in wild type C57Bl/6 and arginase II knockout male mouse (assessment of cigarette smoke effects)	Arg II
[15]	Clinical	In vivo study performed in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus	Arg I and Arg II
[21]	Preclinical	In vivo study with male ApoE^−/^− and C57Bl/6 mouse and postmortem analysis	Arg II
[70]	Preclinical	In vivo model of transgenic C57Bl/6 mouse overexpressing human arginase II, with postmortem analysis	Arg II
[82]	Preclinical	In vitro study in cell culture of isolated porcine carotid endothelium	Arg II
[96]	Clinical	Clinical study with blood samples of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus	Arg I and Arg II
[97]	Preclinical	In vitro study using isolated mouse aortic endothelium and HUVECs cultures	Arg II
[6]	Clinical	Human popliteal and tibial vessels from amputation specimens (ex vivo model)	Arg II	Reduction of ^•NO bioavailability	Endothelial dysfunction
[48]	Preclinical	In vivo and in vitro study using culture of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and C57Bl/6 mouse aortic rings	Arg II
[50]	Preclinical	In vitro study performed on rat aorta endothelial cells (AECs)	Arg I and Arg II
[80]	Preclinical	In vitro study performed on HUVEC and Wistar rat aortic rings	Arg II
[81]	Preclinical	In vitro study performed on culture of human aortic endothelial cells and Wistar rat aortic rings	Arg I and Arg II
[95]	Preclinical	In vitro study with treatment in HUVECs and mouse aortic rings	Arg I and Arg II
[98]	Preclinical	Study performed on HUVECs culture in vitro and isolated C57Bl/6 mouse aorta	Arg I and Arg II
[69]	Preclinical	In vitro study using HUVECs culture and in vivo treatment in C57Bl/6 mice	Arg I and Arg II
[12]	Preclinical	In vivo study with postmortem analysis in C57Bl/6 and arginase II knockout male mice (assessment of cigarette smoke effects)	Arg II	Uncoupling of eNOS	Increased ROS production
[21]	Preclinical	In vivo study with male ApoE^−/^− and C57Bl6 mice and postmortem analysis	Arg II
[48]	Preclinical	In vivo and in vitro study using culture of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and C57Bl/6 mouse aortic rings	Arg II
[69]	Preclinical	In vitro study using HUVECs culture and in vivo treatment in C57BL/6 mice	Arg I and Arg II
[80]	Preclinical	In vitro study performed on HUVEC and Wistar rat aortic rings	Arg II
[97]	Preclinical	In vitro study using isolated mouse aortic endothelium and HUVECs cultures	Arg II
[95]	Preclinical	Study performed on HUVECs culture in vitro and isolated C57BL/6 mouse aorta	Arg I and Arg II
[98]	Preclinical	Study performed on HUVECs culture in vitro and isolated C57BL/6 mouse aorta	Arg I and Arg II
[69]	Preclinical	In vitro study using HUVECs culture and in vivo treatment in C57Bl/6 mouse	Arg I and Arg II
[82]	Preclinical	In vitro study in cell culture of isolated porcine carotid endothelium	Arg II
[83]	Preclinical	In vitro (VSMCs from human umbilical vein) and in vivo (ApoE^−/^− and C57Bl/6 mouse) study	Arg II

Arg I: arginase I; Arg II: arginase II; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HAECs: human aortic endothelial cells; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ^•NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells.