A Genetic Biomarker of Oxidative Stress, the Paraoxonase-1 Q192R Gene Variant, Associates with Cardiomyopathy in CKD: A Longitudinal Study

Figure 2

Directed acyclic graph [30] illustrating the relationship between the R allele of the Q192R polymorphism and ↓HDL, ↓eGFR, LVH, and ↓LVEF. (b) shows that the R allele associates (likely in a causal manner) with all outcomes and in theory it is possible that the effect of this allele on cardiac parameters is mediated in part or in full via ↓HDL and ↓eGFR. (c) Adjustment (box, which controls for HDL and eGFR) has minimal or no effect (Tables 2 and 3) on the link between the R allele and LVMI and LVEF suggesting that this link is a direct effect of this allele on the heart.

(a)

(b)

(c)