1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: Dihydronicotinamide Analogues—Model Compounds Targeting Oxidative Stress

Table 4

Normolipidemic human blood LDL (0.25 mg/mL) in vitro oxidation in the presence of 5 M CuSO₄ and CA of 3 types (DHPs, verapamil, and diltiazem) and vitamin E. Compiled according to Lupo et al. [129].

Compound	Methods
	TBARS method (fluorimetry at 515 nm/533 nm, 4 hours; preincubation of LDL with compounds and copper (II); ions; 320% TBARS increase in control during 4 h; period)		Inhibition of conjugated diene formation (at 234 nm); expressed as prolongation of induction period (in %%; of control). = 36.8 min.
	Effective [IC] (in M): 1 M; 10 M; 50 M	Activity rank order (ARO = I for the highest activity; ARO = VII for the mindest activity)	Effective [IC] (in M): 1 M; 5 M; 10 M; 50 M	Activity rank order (ARO = I for the highest activity; ARO = VII for the mindest activity)
Nifedipine	10 M; 50 M	ARO = III	5 M; 10 M, 150%; 50 M, 213%	ARO = III
Amlodipine	50 M	ARO = IV	5 M; 10 M, 122%; 50 M, 138%	ARO = IV–VI
Isradipine	50 M	ARO = VI	10 M, 150%; 50 M, 183%	ARO = IV–VI
Lacidipine	1 M; 10 M; 50 M	ARO = II	5 M; 10 M, 192%; 50 M, 283%	ARO = II
Verapamil	50 M	ARO = V	10 M, 150%; 50 M, 178%	ARO = IV–VI
Diltiazem	No effect	No effect (ARO = VII)	No effect	No effect (ARO = VII)
Vitamin E	1 M; 10 M (IC50); 50 M (20% of control)	ARO = I	5 M; 10 M, 230%; 50 M, 370%	ARO = I