Effects of Polyphenol, Measured by a Biomarker of Total Polyphenols in Urine, on Cardiovascular Risk Factors After a Long-Term Follow-Up in the PREDIMED Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of participants according to tertiles of changes in TPE.
TPE (mg GAE/g creatinine)
(ΔTP < −11.4)
(−11.4 ≤ ΔTP ≤ 24.6)
(ΔTP > 24.6)
Number of subjects
191
191
191
Women, (%)
101
(52.9)
83
(43.5)
112
(58.6)
0.011
Age (y), mean (SD)
66.7
(5.9)
67.3
(5.8)
68.00
(6.0)
0.113
Weight (kg), mean (SD)
73.9
(10.6)
77.1
(11.6)
74.5
(10.7)
0.01
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)
28.9
(3.1)
29.6
(3.5)
29.2
(3.2)
0.103
Systolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD)
149.8
(17.9)
151.6
(16.9)
152.8
(18.6)
0.238
Diastolic BP (mm Hg), mean (SD)
84.3
(9.8)
85.9
(10.0)
85.5
(10.4)
0.269
Hypertension, (%)
151
(79.1)
152
(79.6)
158
(82.7)
0.621
Diabetes, (%)
78
(40.8)
85
(44.5)
75
(39.3)
0.567
Dyslipidemia, (%)
136
(72.3)
117
(61.3)
128
(67)
0.074
Smoking status
0.641
Current, (%)
35
(18.3)
34
(17.8)
28
(14.7)
0.586
Former, (%)
36
(18.8)
43
(22.5)
47
(24.6)
0.388
Never, (%)
120
(62.8)
114
(59.7)
116
(60.7)
0.814
Family history of CHD, (%)
65
(35.3)
75
(40.3)
75
(41.2)
0.460
Medication
Aspirin, (%)
33
(32.0)
35
(34.0)
35
(34.0)
0.949
Antihypertensive drugs, (%)
131
(68.6)
142
(74.3)
141
(73.8)
0.381
Hypolipidemic drugs, (%)
91
(47.6)
70
(36.6)
78
(40.8)
0.089
Insulin, (%)
10
(5.2)
9
(4.7)
8
(4.2)
0.890
Oral hypoglycemic drugs, (%)
40
(20.9)
46
(24.1)
45
(23.6)
0.736
Vitamin or minerals, (%)
18
(9.5)
16
(8.5)
13
(6.9)
0.644
Educational level
Primary school, (%)
140
(74.1)
139
(73.5)
146
(76.8)
0.793
High school, (%)
32
(16.9)
28
(14.8)
28
(14.7)
University, (%)
17
(9.2)
22
(11.6)
16
(8.4)
Physical activity at leisure time (MET-min/d)
275
(212)
287
(204)
269
(183)
0.696
Polyphenol intake (mg/d)
853.4
(239.8)
831.2
(248.9)
882.7
(247.8)
0.135
BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TPE: total polyphenol excretion. Data are given as means (SD) for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables; indicates statistical significance. values calculated by analysis of variance or tests.
