Research Article

Effects of Polyphenol, Measured by a Biomarker of Total Polyphenols in Urine, on Cardiovascular Risk Factors After a Long-Term Follow-Up in the PREDIMED Study

Table 2

Changes in daily intake of key foods after 5 years with energy adjustment categorized by tertile of changes in TPE.

TPE (mg GAE/g creatinine)
(ΔTP < −11.4 ) (−11.4 ≤ ΔTP ≤ 24.6) (ΔTP > 24.6)
MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDTimeGroupTime Group

Vegetables (g/d)Baseline302.1117.5293.9109.0289.6118.4<0.0010.195 0.369
5 years366.0122.9340.7115.8354.3120.9
Fruits (g/d)Baseline346.3176.7354.7169.3385.4183.6<0.0010.477 0.103
5 years459.4181.4456.4172.6454.0158.8
Legumes (g/d)Baseline18.77.219.27.219.698.80.445 0.149 0.736
5 years18.78.319.17.719.98.1
Cereals (g/d)Baseline240.073.2242.979.2238.970.7<0.0010.867 0.712
5 years221.163.4216.468.5216.163.0
Milk (g/d)Baseline368.8201.3345.4193.9393.2233.20.005 0.300 0.166
5 years402.2223.4386.4204.3395.6196.6
Meat (g/d)Baseline140.949.1140.148.8138.045.3<0.0010.992 0.431
5 years126.641.9126.943.3130.144.1
Fish (g/d)Baseline94.737.290.439.191.739.2<0.0010.521 0.882
5 years101.445.698.843.297.836.2
Pastries (g/d)Baseline26.126.125.727.126.625.10.001 0.846 0.485
5 years20.124.223.128.421.527.3
EVOO (g/d)Baseline24.124.221.823.821.322.9<0.0010.848 0.346
5 years48.222.848.125.049.723.1
Nuts (g/d)Baseline11.012.19.813.110.613.1<0.0010.794 0.656
5 years16.012.516.113.116.712.2
Wine (g/d)Baseline98.3140.1105.2157.296.8136.10.002 0.781 0.979
5 years80.1130.589.0130.880.7123.4
Folic acid (μg/d)Baseline376.783.8379.481.1381.987.6<0.0010.939 0.322
5 years432.675.9425.387.3424.572.4
Coffee (mL/d)Baseline38.457.033.244.233.947.20.004 0.902 0.258
5 years27.448.028.646.430.748.8
Chocolate (g/d)Baseline2.95.72.54.73.15.90.940 0.422 0.203
5 years2.24.23.16.13.47.9

Data are given as means (SD); indicates statistical significance. EVOO: extra virgin olive oil; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TPE: total polyphenol excretion. Values with asterisks are statistically different from baseline values by the paired-samples -test (; ).
Data analysed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA.
Comparison between the time before and after intervention.
Comparison between tertiles of TPE changes.
Comparison between measurements obtained before and after intervention and between tertiles of TPE changes.