Effects of Polyphenol, Measured by a Biomarker of Total Polyphenols in Urine, on Cardiovascular Risk Factors After a Long-Term Follow-Up in the PREDIMED Study
Table 2
Changes in daily intake of key foods after 5 years with energy adjustment categorized by tertile of changes in TPE.
TPE (mg GAE/g creatinine)
(ΔTP < −11.4 )
(−11.4 ≤ ΔTP ≤ 24.6)
(ΔTP > 24.6)
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Time
Group
Time Group
Vegetables (g/d)
Baseline
302.1
117.5
293.9
109.0
289.6
118.4
<0.001
0.195
0.369
5 years
366.0
122.9
340.7
115.8
354.3
120.9
Fruits (g/d)
Baseline
346.3
176.7
354.7
169.3
385.4
183.6
<0.001
0.477
0.103
5 years
459.4
181.4
456.4
172.6
454.0
158.8
Legumes (g/d)
Baseline
18.7
7.2
19.2
7.2
19.69
8.8
0.445
0.149
0.736
5 years
18.7
8.3
19.1
7.7
19.9
8.1
Cereals (g/d)
Baseline
240.0
73.2
242.9
79.2
238.9
70.7
<0.001
0.867
0.712
5 years
221.1
63.4
216.4
68.5
216.1
63.0
Milk (g/d)
Baseline
368.8
201.3
345.4
193.9
393.2
233.2
0.005
0.300
0.166
5 years
402.2
223.4
386.4
204.3
395.6
196.6
Meat (g/d)
Baseline
140.9
49.1
140.1
48.8
138.0
45.3
<0.001
0.992
0.431
5 years
126.6
41.9
126.9
43.3
130.1
44.1
Fish (g/d)
Baseline
94.7
37.2
90.4
39.1
91.7
39.2
<0.001
0.521
0.882
5 years
101.4
45.6
98.8
43.2
97.8
36.2
Pastries (g/d)
Baseline
26.1
26.1
25.7
27.1
26.6
25.1
0.001
0.846
0.485
5 years
20.1
24.2
23.1
28.4
21.5
27.3
EVOO (g/d)
Baseline
24.1
24.2
21.8
23.8
21.3
22.9
<0.001
0.848
0.346
5 years
48.2
22.8
48.1
25.0
49.7
23.1
Nuts (g/d)
Baseline
11.0
12.1
9.8
13.1
10.6
13.1
<0.001
0.794
0.656
5 years
16.0
12.5
16.1
13.1
16.7
12.2
Wine (g/d)
Baseline
98.3
140.1
105.2
157.2
96.8
136.1
0.002
0.781
0.979
5 years
80.1
130.5
89.0
130.8
80.7
123.4
Folic acid (μg/d)
Baseline
376.7
83.8
379.4
81.1
381.9
87.6
<0.001
0.939
0.322
5 years
432.6
75.9
425.3
87.3
424.5
72.4
Coffee (mL/d)
Baseline
38.4
57.0
33.2
44.2
33.9
47.2
0.004
0.902
0.258
5 years
27.4
48.0
28.6
46.4
30.7
48.8
Chocolate (g/d)
Baseline
2.9
5.7
2.5
4.7
3.1
5.9
0.940
0.422
0.203
5 years
2.2
4.2
3.1
6.1
3.4
7.9
Data are given as means (SD); indicates statistical significance. EVOO: extra virgin olive oil; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TPE: total polyphenol excretion. Values with asterisks are statistically different from baseline values by the paired-samples -test (; ). Data analysed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA. Comparison between the time before and after intervention. Comparison between tertiles of TPE changes. Comparison between measurements obtained before and after intervention and between tertiles of TPE changes.