The Reactive Oxygen Species in Macrophage Polarization: Reflecting Its Dual Role in Progression and Treatment of Human Diseases

Figure 1

Involvement of ROS in regulating M1 responsible phagocytic activity and inflammatory response. (a) Multiple pathways are involved in generating NADPH, followed by ROS production by NADPH oxidase. The high ROS level mainly used to mediate the phagocytic activity of M1 macrophages. (b) ROS serves as second messenger mediating the inflammatory response of M1 macrophages, primarily through MAPK and NF-κB as well as inflammasome activation. Mt, mitochondrial; FA, fatty acid; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate; R5P, ribulose-5-phosphate; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle.