Review Article

DNA Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease: Evaluation of Clinical Biomarkers

Table 1

Outcome of studies comparing sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and buccal cells of healthy individuals and patients on maintenance hemodialysis1.

Parameter measuredNumber of healthy individuals (age)Number of dialyzed patients (age)Relative change (%)Mean ± stddevRef.

SCEs in PBLs24 ()44 ()+310[6]
SCEs in PBLs25 ()30 ()+30[31]
SCEs in PBLs18 (45 ± ?)32 (56 ± ?)+100[32]
SCEs in B-lymphocytes25 ()30 ()+55[33]
SCEs in T-lymphocytes25 ()30 ()+45[33]

Micronuclei in PBLs23 ()16 ()+190[34]
Micronuclei in PBLs12 ()12 ()+120[35]
Micronuclei in PBLs57 ()98 ()+70[36]
Micronuclei in PBLs14 ()15 ()+65[37]

Micronuclei in buccal cells20 ()20 ()+270[38]
Micronuclei in PBLs of children20 ()15 ()+465[39]

The number of participants in the respective studies, their age, and the amount of relative change in the parameter in percent and rounded are given. From these, the mean and the standard deviation (stddev) were calculated. When more than one sample was taken from the dialysis patients, the value of the predialytic sample was compared to the control value. In the last column the reference (Ref.) is listed. Study with significant differences of the age of the included individuals. ?: no standard error mean or no age at all was given.