Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches

Figure 1

Affective disorders vertical classification (ADHD: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder). Some of the symptoms for the affective disorders are quite distinct between the affective variants groups, while the main affective disorders (ANX, DD, PTSD, OSD, and PD) are more likely symptom combinations of the groups. Therefore, ANX, MDD, and PTSD exhibit both self-control discrepancies, as observed in bulimia, impulse-control impairment, or attention deficits, and physiological control alterations, such as irritable bowel disease, frequent migraines, or chronic pain. Furthermore, on the opposite side stand OCD and PD, which exhibit mainly social impairments, such as oppositional-defiant behaviour, social anxiety, and different personality discrepancies, as well as physiological impairments. In this way, it seems that the major affective syndromes can be classified given the general symptomatology tendencies in two groups: self-control-associated syndromes (DD, ANX, and PTSD) and social-hurdle syndromes (OCD, PD) (based on [6]).