Thioredoxin Binding Protein-2 Regulates Autophagy of Human Lens Epithelial Cells under Oxidative Stress via Inhibition of Akt Phosphorylation

Figure 3

Autophagosomes induced by oxidative stress were observed with fluorescent and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). (a) Twenty-four hours after transfection with GFP-LC3 plasmid, LECs were then cultured with normal medium (control), 50 μM H₂O₂ (H₂O₂), or 10 nM Rapamycin (Rapamycin) for 24 hours. 10 nM chloroquine was cotreated at the same time. After fixation, GFP fluorescence was observed with confocal microscopy. The average number of GFP dots per cell was significantly increased in H₂O₂ group and Rapamycin group (). Scale bar, 25 nm. (b) TEM analyses showed a great number of single/double-membrane vesicles in H₂O₂ treated cells. Data were presented as mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. . The lower right image, scale bar 0.2 μm. The rest of the images, scale bar 1 μm.

(a)

(b)