Biological Activities of 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside in Antiaging and Antiaging-Related Disease Treatments

Table 1

Summary of animal experiments of THSG.

Classification	Diseases	Animals	Sex	Induction	Treatment	Duration	Dosage	Administration	Evaluation	Reference number
Antiaging	Vascular senescence	SHRs rats	Male	Genotype	Posttreatment	14 weeks	50 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	SA--gal stain; blood flow assay; p53 and phospho- H2AX determination	[4]
	Senescence	SAMP8 mice	Male	Genotype	Posttreatment	30 days; 70 days	2, 20, or 50 M	Water ad libitum	SA--gal stain; Morris water maze assay; lifespan assays	[5]
	Senescence	Kunming mice	Male	D-galactose	Posttreatment	4 weeks; 8 weeks	42, 84, or 168 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Morris water maze assay; Klotho expression in cerebrum, heart, kidney, testis, and epididymis tissues	[6]
	Longevity	C. elegans	Male/female	Genotype	Posttreatment	10 hours	50 or 100 M	Culture liquid	Lifespan assays	[7]
	Dermal thinning	Kunming mice	Male	Natural aging	Posttreatment	8 weeks	18 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Dermal layer thickness determination	[51]
Atherosclerosis	Atherosclerosis	NZW rabbits	Male	High cholesterol diet	Posttreatment	12 weeks	25, 50, or 100 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Atherosclerotic plaque area; plasma cholesterol; LDL cholesterol; VLDL cholesterol; plasma triglyceride.	[8]
	Vascular dysfunction	SD rats	Male	Atherogenic-Diet	Posttreatment	12 weeks	30, 60, or 120 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Vascular reactivity study; eNOS, CRP, IL-6, and TNF- expression	[9, 10]
Myocardial ischaemia	Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion	Wistar rats	Male	Occluding left anterior descending coronary artery	Pretreatment	10 min before reperfusion	7.5 mg/kg	Intravenous injection	ST segment recovery; myocardial infarct size	[16]
	Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion	C57BL/6J mice	Male	Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy	Posttreatment	1 week	10, 30, or 90 mg/kg	Ad libitum	Myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis, improving cardiac function; EPO expression	[17]
Cardiovascular organ remodeling	Vascular injury	SD rats	Male	Carotid arterial balloon injury	Posttreatment	2 weeks	30, 60, or 120 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Carotid neointimal formation; PCNA, a-SMA, PDGF-BB gene expression; VSMCs proliferation and migration.	[14]
	Vascular remodeling and fibrosis	SHR rats	Male	Genotype	Posttreatment	14 weeks	50 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Intima-media thickness in the aortas, remodeling- related mRNA expressions, and effect on Smad3 deacetylating	[15]
	Cardiac remodeling	SD rats	Male	Pressure-overloaded rats induced by abdominal aortic banding	Posttreatment	30 days	30, 60, or 120 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Heart weight and left ventricular weight indexes, MMPs, TIMPs, collagens, TGF-β1 protein, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 activation	[18]
Lipid metabolism	Serum cholesterol	SHR rats	Male	Genotype	Posttreatment	4 weeks	0.15% THSG in rodent chow	Ad libitum	Cholesterol and neutral lipid content VLDL and HDL fraction	[20]
	Serum cholesterol	SD rats	Male	20% lard, 10% cholesterol, and 0.2% propylthiouracil	Posttreatment	1 week	90, 180 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Serum TC, TG, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol levels, and LDL receptor mRNA expression	[21]
Learning and memory	β-amyloid peptide- or D-galactose- induced dementia	BALb/c mice	Female	Intracranial injection of 3 L β-amyloid or subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg D-galactose for 60 days	Posttreatment	60 days	33, 100, or 300 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Morris water maze assay; passive avoidance test; MAO-B activity in the cerebral cortex; NGF and NT-3 expression in hippocampal CA1 region	[25, 26]
	Ischemia- reperfusion	Gerbils	Male	Ischemia-reperfusion	Posttreatment	7 days	1.5, 3, or 6 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal injection	Morris water maze test	[27]
	Stress; aging; brain damage	C57BL/6J mice	Male	Sleep-deprived; amyloid-β-injected; kainic acid-injected brain damage	Posttreatment	3 days; 17 days and 24 days; 2 weeks	50, 100, or 200 mg/kg	Ad libitum	Passive avoidance task; erythropoietin, PGC-1, and haemoglobin expression	[29]
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases	Alzheimer’s disease	SD rats	Male	Chronic aluminum exposure	Posttreatment	1, 3, or 5 months	4 g/kg	Oral gavage daily	Passive avoidance task or Morris water maze tests; APP	[33]
	Alzheimer’s disease	SD rats	Male	Amyloid-β()-injected	Posttreatment	4 weeks	25 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Passive avoidance task or Morris water maze tests; synaptic structures; Src and NR2B expression	[34]
	Alzheimer’s disease	APP Tg mice	Male	APPV717I Tg mice	Posttreatment	6 months	120 or 240 mol/kg/d	Oral gavage daily	-synuclein expression and aggregation in the hippocampus	[35]
	Parkinson’s disease	C57BL/6 mice	Male	MPP^+-induced damage	Posttreatment	14 days	20 or 40 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Pole test; tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigral compacts	[36]
Cerebral ischemia	Cerebral ischemia	SD rats	Male	Middle cerebral artery occlusion	Posttreatment	7 days prior to surgery	30, 60, or 120 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Percentage of apoptotic cells in injured rat brain tissue; Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression in brain tissue	[40]
	Cerebral ischemia	SD rats	Male	Middle cerebral artery occlusion	Posttreatment	7 days prior to surgery	60 or 120 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Animal’s nerve behavior and neurological function score; expression of NGF, GAP-43, and PKA catalytic subunit proteins.	[41]
	Cerebral ischemia	Mice	Male	Middle cerebral artery occlusion	Posttreatment	At the onset of reperfusion	15 or 40 mg/kg	Intraperitoneal administration	The brain infarct volume and the number of positive cells	[42]
Diabetes	Diabetic nephropathy	SD rats	Male	60 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection	Posttreatment	8 weeks	10 or 20 mg/kg	Treatment with TSG	Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, 24 h urinary protein, ratio of kidney weight/body weight, SOD and GSH-Px activities, and TGF-β1 and COX-2 expression.	[43]
	Diabetic gastrointestinal dysmotility	Kunming mice	Male	150 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneal injection	Posttreatment	8 weeks	10, 30, or 60 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Gastric emptying, intestinal transit, and NANC relaxations	[44]
Bone	Bone mineral density and bone strength	SD rats	Male and female	Natural development (110 ± 10 g)	Posttreatment	90 days	150, 300, or 600 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Bone mineral density and bone strength; bone mineral weight and bone mineral size	[45]
Hair	Hair growth	C57BL/6J mice	Female	Natural development (20–26 g)	Posttreatment	9, 18 days	50, 100, or 150 mg/kg	Oral gavage daily	Hair follicles and capillary growth	[47]