Role for Tetrahydrobiopterin in the Fetoplacental Endothelial Dysfunction in Maternal Supraphysiological Hypercholesterolemia

Table 1

Reported maternal plasma lipid concentration in pregnancy.

Studied population (number of pregnant women)	Trimester of pregnancy	TCh	HDL	LDL	Tg	Observations	Reference
USA (142)	1; 2; 3	180; 230; 260	70; 80; 76	110; 137; 162	112; 162; 212	Maternal overweight and obesity association with lipid concentration during pregnancy	[37]
Brazil (288)	1; 2; 3	186; 228; 243	54; 62; 62	108; 143; 135	97; 150; 177	Maternal lipid concentration during pregnancy as a risk factor for GDM	[38]
Argentina (101)	1; 2; 3	160; 201; 244	58; 62; 61	78; 107; 144	90; 140; 202	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[39]
Chile (265)	1; 2; 3	178; 232; 269	60; 73; 75	102; 124; 147	108; 179; 244	Maternal lipid concentration association with impaired endothelium dependent dilation of the human umbilical vein	[6]
Chile (74)	1; 2; 3	—; —; 238	—; —; 72	—; —; 120	—; —; 232	Cut-off point for TCh in maternal plasma from where fetoplacental vascular dysfunction is seen	[5]
UK (178)	1; 2; 3	215; 252; 281	67; 81; 69	124; 126; 159	125; 180; 252	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids and apolipoproteins during pregnancy	[40]
UK (17)	1; 2; 3	164; 212; 261	—; —; —	—; —; —	77; 133; 233	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids and markers of oxidative stress in normal and GDM pregnancies	[41]
Ireland (222)	1; 2; 3	197; 224; 278	65; 75; 68	104; 128; 147	—; —; —	Reference values for maternal lipids during pregnancy	[42]
Italy (22)	1; 2; 3	178; 247; 282	68; 73; 68	97; 153; 168	93; 155; 230	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[43]
Sweden (18)	1; 2; 3	182; 238; 248	69; 79; 69	104; 140; 153	99; 165; 215	Measurement of maternal plasma lipids during pregnancy	[44]
Spain (45)	1; 2; 3	166; 193; 228	—; —; —	—; —; —	71; 106; 150	Measurement of maternal plasma LDL oxidation in normal, GDM, and obese pregnancies	[45]
Spain (25)	1; 2; 3	170; 234; 254	68; 82; 71	89; 136; 153	60; 117; 184	Maternal lipases activity and hormones concentrations during pregnancy	[46]
Serbia (50)	1; 2; 3	190; 245; 267	75; 89; 79	97; 126; 144	85; 151; 219	Maternal lipid concentration association with newborn size	[47]
Turkey (801)	1; 2; 3	166; —; 271	53; —; 63	94; —; 155	93; —; 274	Maternal lipid concentrations with fetal growth and development in GDM and preeclampsia	[48]
Israel (3938)	1; 2; 3	175; 225; 238	58; 63; 63	88; 121; 137	100; 175; 237	Association of maternal lipid concentration with preeclampsia and GDM	[49]
Nigeria (60)	1; 2; 3	172; 203; 232	41; 51; 63	112; 126; 136	93; 128; 171	Atherosclerotic risk in pregnant women	[50]

Women were subjected to lipids determination at 1st trimester (0–14 weeks of gestation), 2nd trimester (14–28 weeks of gestation), or 3rd trimester (28–40 weeks of gestation) of pregnancy. TCh: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Tg: triglycerides. —: not reported; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. Values are mean in mg/dL.