Hyperbilirubinemia Protects against Aging-Associated Inflammation and Metabolic Deterioration

Figure 1

Bilirubin decreases ROS levels in cultured cells. (a) Cytoplasmic (Cyto) and mitochondrial (Mito) levels of H₂O₂ in T-Rex-293 cells treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with HyPer protein sensor; (b) ratio of oxidized/total glutathione in T-Rex-293 cells treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with capillary electrophoresis; (c) ratio of oxidized/total glutathione in rat fibroblasts treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with capillary electrophoresis; (d) relative levels of superoxide in mitochondrial matrix measured in T-Rex-293 cells treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with MitoSOX probe; (e) relative levels of superoxide in mitochondrial matrix measured in rat fibroblast treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with MitoSOX probe; (f) nuclear localization of transcription factor Nrf2 in T-Rex-293 cells treated with bilirubin for 24 hours, measured with western blot. Data in panels (a, d, e, and f) expressed as % of controls; in each group; overall significance measured with ANOVA, in each panel; pairwise comparison with Holm-Sidak method, significantly different from 0 μM, and ^#significantly different from 1 μM, .

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