|
| Model | Treatment | Outcomes: inflammation | Outcomes: oxidative status | References |
|
| In vitro: | | | | |
| Glucose and LPS-induced inflammation in HUVEC cells | Red grape polyphenols | ↓IL-6, IL-8, and NF-κB at protein and mRNA levels
↓PECAM and ICAM-1 levels | ↓ROS formation in dose-dependent manner | [66] |
| Primary human chondrocytes challenged with E. coli LPS (arthritis model) | Grape extract containing resveratrol, hopeaphenol, and viniferin | ↓PGE2 production | ↑scavenging of DPPH radicals | [67] |
| Osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-Ei), treated with TGF-β to induce VEGF synthesis | Resveratrol | ↓VEGF and VEGF mRNA, but
no effect on p38 or SAPK/JNK, suggesting SIRT1 activation | n.a. | [68] |
| Yeast models of sirtuin activation (c. elegans, D. melanogaster) | Resveratrol | ↑sirtuin (SIRT1) activation | n.a. | [69, 70] |
| Human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) | Red grape (muscarine) grape seed oil, in comparison to rice bran and olive oils | ↓adipogenetic factors (PPARγ and aP2)
↓IL-6 and IL-8 response to LPS
↓proinflammatory gene expression in adipocytes | Shown to be source of γ-tocopherol | [71] |
| High-glucose induced oxidative stress in porcine proximal tubule cells (LLC-PK1) | Grape seed polyphenols | ↓NF-κB pathway | ↓intracellular ROS | [72] |
| In vivo animal: | | | | |
| Rats exposed to localised bowel irradiation | Grape polyphenols OR pure quercetin 3-O-β-glucoside (10 mg/mL, 7.14 mL/kg body mass) by oral gavage for 5 days prior to irradiation | ↓MPO activity
↓CINC-1 levels | ↓SOD activity
No change in glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity
No change in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration | [73] |
| Rats subjected to E. coli-induced septic shock | 75 and 200 mg/kg/day grape seed procyanidin, by ip. injection for 15 days pre-E. coli challenge | ↓IL-6 gene expression | ↓NO in liver, spleen, plasma, and RBCs
↓iNos gene expression
↓GSSG: total glutathione ratio | [74] |
| Rat model of osteoarthritis | 500 mg/kg body mass of grape extract daily for 28 days | Prevented joint deterioration | n.a. | [67] |
| Rat model of skeletal muscle contusion injury | Acute OR 2-week supplementation, proanthocyanidins | ↓proinflammatory cytokine signalling (TNF-α; IL-6)
↓neutrophil migration capacity
Earlier macrophage switch from pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotype | ↑plasma and skeletal muscle ORAC | [50, 75] |
| Rat model of ageing | Drinking water supplemented with 15 g/L grape powder for 3 weeks | ↓age-associated increase in corticosterone | ↓plasma 8-isoprostane | [76] |
| Rat model of obesity | Grape procyanidin B2 | ↓IL-1β and NLRP3 levels in pancreas | n.a. | [77] |
| Middle-aged mice on high-calorie diet | Diet supplemented with 0.04% resveratrol | ↓IGF-1 | ↑AMPK and PGC-1α activity
↑mitochondrial number | [78] |
| Mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis | 7-day oral resveratrol (50 mg/kg/day) OR quercetin OR dihydroquercetin (both 10 mg/kg/day) | ↓neutrophil infiltration into lung tissue
↓inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
↓COX-2
↓NF-κBp65 translocation | ↓iNOS
↓oxidative lung damage (↓nitrotyrosine and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase levels) | [79] |
| Rabbit model of acute (E. coli) inflammatory arthritis | 500 mg/kg body mass of extract acutely prior to E. coli challenge | ↓PGE2 production | n.a. | [67] |
| In vivo human: | | | | |
| Nondiabetic haemodialysis patients | Grape powder (500 mg polyphenols/day) for 5 weeks | Prevented increase in plasma CRP levels | ↑glutathione peroxidase activity | [80] |
| Humans at risk for metabolic syndrome, aged 30–65 | 16 weeks of 20 g wine grape pomace powder (822 mg polyphenols) per day | n.a. | ↑γ- and δ-tocopherol | [81] |
| Hypertensive, T2DM males, aged ≈55–65 | 8 mg grape extract daily for 1 year | ↓alkaline phosphatase
↓TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL3 levels
↑transcriptional repressor LRRFIP-1 in PBMCs
Modulation of expression of group of miRNAs known to regulate inflammatory response | n.a. | [82] |
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