Alternative Interventions to Prevent Oxidative Damage following Ischemia/Reperfusion

Table 1

Promising drugs in the I/R lesion.

Drug	Molecular mechanism	Beneficial effect in IR	Adverse effects	Organ cell major effect	Literature support study
Curcumin	Electron; acceptor	Reduction of free radicals	Dermatitis; Bitter taste	Neurons	[26–32]
Cannabidiol	Electron; acceptor	Reduction of free radicals, modulation of inflammation and signaling redox	Neuronal disorders	Neurons; Hepatocyte; Cardiomyocyte	[24, 33–43]
Metformin	Block of complex I in respiratory chain	Modulated production of free radicals	Lactic acidosis; Blood coagulation disorder; Liver function test abnormal; Encephalopathy	Hepatocyte; Cardiomyocyte; Neurons	[44–52]
Pioglitazone	PPAR-γ agonist	Increments on the expression of MnSOD and some other survival gens	Congestive heart failure; Edema; Liver function test abnormal; Osteopenia	Endothelial cells; Cardiomyocyte; Hepatocyte	[50–63]
Atorvastatin	Pleiotropic effects	Reduction of free radicals, increments on expression of MnSOD, modulation of survival gens	Diabetes mellitus; Reduction of ubiquinone level; Liver function test abnormal; Autoimmune disease; Rhabdomyolysis; Acute kidney injury	Endothelial cells; Cardiomyocyte; Hepatocyte; Musculoskeletal	[30–32, 64–74]
Telmisartan	Pleiotropic effects	Reduction of free radicals, increments on expression of MnSOD, modulation of survival gens	Angina pectoris; Edema; Carcinogen effect; Liver function test abnormal	Endothelial cells; Cardiomyocyte; Hepatocyte	[58, 75–90]

PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ. MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase.