Review Article

Oxidative Stress in the Healthy and Wounded Hepatocyte: A Cellular Organelles Perspective

Figure 1

Sites of physiologically produced ROS. Plasma membrane localized ROS bursts deactivate PTPs and allow signal transduction (i.e., by insulin or IGF-1) after tyrosine kinase receptor activation. Mitochondria produce ROS during cellular respiration and metabolic activity. ROS are produced in the ER during protein folding and detoxification by the cytochrome P450 systems. Lysosomes are required for iron metabolism and the removal of damaged cellular components through autophagy. Peroxisomes produce ROS during metabolic or detoxification activities.