Review Article

Systemic Redox Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Redox status in HD patients.

AuthorsGroupsHD modality and periodTBARS/MDAFree sulfhydryl groupsIsoprostanes 8-iPF2a-IIIAOPPProtein carbonylsXOGSHORAC/TEAC/TACSOD/GPx/GR reductase

Haklar et al., 1995 [49](a) 14 HD patients
(age: 52 yr)
(b) 14 healthy subjects
(age: 40 yr)
Cuprophan,
dialyzers, 22 months,
3x/week/4 h
MDA (nmol/mL)
(a) 5.50 ± 0.6
(b) 2.82 ± 0.36
(a) 41.2 ± 10.4
(b) 22.6 ± 5.5 (nmol/mg protein)

Sommerburg
et al., 1998 [44]
(a) 8 HD patients, Hb < 10 g/dL (age: 58 yr)
(b) 8 HD patients, Hb > 10 g/dL (age: 62 yr)
(c) 27 HD patients receiving rHuEpo (age: 66 yr)
(d) 20 healthy subjects
(age: 59 yr)
Bicarbonate HD, 6–10 years, 3x/week/4-5 hMDA (M)
(a) 3.81 ± 0.86
(b) 2.77 ± 0.58
(c) 2.50 ± 0.12
(d) 0.37 ± 0.03

Ward et al., 2003 [53](a) 11 HD patients
(age: 51 ± 5 yr)
(b) 12–17 healthy subjects
(age 23–54 yr)
49 ± 11 months(a) 268 ± 22
(b) 438 ± 16 (μmol/L)
(a) 191 ± 27
(b) 74 ± 8 (μmol/L)
(a) 0.144 ± 0.037
(b) 0.041 ± 0.008 (nmol/mg)

Choi et al. [30](a) 18 patients
(age: 52.0 ± 17 yr)
(b) 16 healthy subjects
(age: 48.9 ± 15.4 yr)
94.3 ± 43.5 months, 3x/week/4 h(a) ↑13 ± 9.4
(b) 4.5 ± 0.9 (RLU)

Triolo et al., 2003 [45](a) 10 HD patients
(age: 64.6 ± 13.7 yr)
(b) 30 healthy subjects
(age: 59.8 ± 9.4 yr)
Bicarbonate HD, 86.6 ± 47.2 months,
3x/week/3.5–4 h
MDA (nmol/mL)
(a) 1.87 ± 0.36
(b) 1.13 ± 0.18

Anraku et al., 2004 [52](a) 11 HD patients
(age: 25 to 87 yr)
(b) 11 age-matched healthy subjects
Bicarbonate, 1–9 years,
3x/week/4-5 h
(a) 1.0 ± 0.1
(b) 0.4 ± 0.03 (nmol/mg protein)

Fragedaki et al., 2005 [54](a) 12 SHD patients
(age: 57.5 ± 12.8 yr)
(b) 13 MHD patients
(age: 48 ± 11.5 yr)
(c) 12 healthy subjects
(age: 52.9 ± 10.7 yr)
(a) Polyethersulfone, 3.6 ± 1.82 years,
3x/week/4–4.5 h
(b) Polyethersulfone, 3.3 ± 1.37 years,
6x/week/2–2.5 h
(a) 0.44 ± 0.23
(b) 0.57 ± 0.36
(c) 0.60 ± 0.46 (nmol/mg protein)

Mera et al., 2005 [51](a) 20 HD patients
(age: 62.8 ± 12.7 yr)
(b) 10 healthy subjects
(age: 67.8 ± 1.8 yr)
Bicarbonate HD, 1–9 years,
3x/week/4-5 h
(a) 3.12 ± 1.1
(b) 2.10 ± 0.34 (nmol/mg protein)

Stepniewska et al., 2006 [55](a) 25 HD patients
(age: 50.3 ± 13.79 yr)
(b) 26 HD patients
(age: 60.54 ± 13.54 yr)
(c) 29 healthy subjects
(age: 49.7 ± 11.4 yr)
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 27.44 ± 15.87 months, 3x/week, 4 h
(b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 24.43 ± 12.68 months
3x/week/4 h
(a) 19.6 ± 8.8
(b) 20.5 ± 8.0
(c) 14.2 ± 2.1 (μmol/g Hb)
Gr reductase
(a) 2.82 ± 0.98
(b) 2.57 ± 0.76
(c) 1.95 ± 0.40 (U/g Hb)

Dolegowska et al., 2007 [50](a) 22 HD patients
(age: 53.06 ± 11.43 yr)
(b) 22 HD patients
(age: 57.70 ± 14.78 yr)
(c) 22 healthy subjects
(age: 51.93 ± 9.94 yr)
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 3x/week/4 h
(b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 3x/week/4 h
(a) Plasma: 0.05
± 0.02
RBC: 7.19 ± 10.45
(b) Plasma: 0.19 ± 0.15
RBC: 8.75 ± 7.58
(c) Plasma: 0.10 ± 0.05
RBC: 5.29 ± 7.54 (ng/mL), (ng/g Hb)

Sakata et al., 2008 [46](a) 36 HD patients
(age: 63.6 ± 12.1 yr)
(b) 15 healthy subjects
(age: 32.5 ± 8.6 yr)
Bicarbonate HD, 12.1 ± 7.0 yearsMDA (μM)
(a) 0.25 ± 0.11
(b) 0.05 ± 0.02
(a) 88.8 ± 39.7
(b) 43.8 ± 20.3 (M)
(a) ORAC: ↑2,672 ± 554
TEAC: ↑0.77 ± 0.2
(b) ORAC: 1,363 ± 174
TEAC: 0.43 ± 0.12 (U/mL), mM Trol eq/L

Bober et al., 2010 [29](a) 22 HD patients
(age: 55.9 ± 14.8 yr)
(b) 23 HD patients
(age: 64.3 ± 12.1 yr)
(c) 21 healthy subjects
(age: 56 ± 16.6 yr)
(a) Polysulfone HD, glucose-free fluid, 8.78 ± 6.42 months, 3x/week
(b) Polysulfone HD, glucose fluid, 9.45 ± 6.62 months
3x/week
MDA
(a) 1.56 ± 0.27
(b) 1.36 ± 0.30
(c) 0.79 ± 0.12 (mol/L)

Dimitrijevic et al., 2012 [47](a) 15 HD patients
(age: 55.6 ± 18.2 yr)
(b) 29 healthy subjects
(age: 55 ± 15.8 yr)
Bicarbonate HD, 52.5 ± 61.6 monthsMDA
(a) Plasma: 11.3 ± 11.2
RBC: 14.7 ± 2.2
(b) Plasma: 6.0 ± 1.1
RBC: 8.7 ± 1.3 (mmol/L), (nmol/mL)
(a) 284.4 ± 44.5
(b) 449.2 ± 66.6 (μmol/L)
(a) TAC: ↓2.5 ± 0.3
(b) TAC: 3.6 ± 0.5 (μmol/L)

Guo et al., 2013 [48](a) 20 HD patients (age: 55 ± 7 yr)
(b) 25 healthy subjects
(age: 53 ± 7 yr)
HD, 6 ± 1 years,
3x/week/4 h
MDA
(a) 6 (median)
(b) 2.9 (nmol/L)
(a) GPx: ↓50.5 ± 8.4
SOD: ↓ 3.4
(b) GPx: 85.2 ± 6.1
SOD: 8.3 (U/mL)
(median)

TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; GSH: reduced glutathione; ORAC: oxygen radical absorbance capacity; TEAC: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; yr: years; ↑↓: versus healthy controls; ± stands for standard deviation except in cases of studies of Ward et al. (2003) [53] and Anraku et al. (2004) [52] where ± stands for standard error.