Energy Drink Administration in Combination with Alcohol Causes an Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex of Rats

Figure 2

Mixing alcohol and ED caused inflammatory responses in temporal cortex and hippocampus of rat. The photomicrographs show the immunoreactivity to GFAP (green colour) of the TCx and CA1 subfield of the Hp of rat. (a) Control group (water), ED, alcohol, and the mixture of alcohol and ED. (b) Number of GFAP-positive cells of treated groups. (c) and (d) show the concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α, respectively, in TCx and Hp of treated groups. The values show the mean ± SE () (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test; ; ).

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