A New Method to Simultaneously Quantify the Antioxidants: Carotenes, Xanthophylls, and Vitamin A in Human Plasma
Table 5
Carotenoids and retinol in human plasma before (baseline) and after the dietary intervention.
Analytes
Concentration
Baseline
After intervention
Baseline
After intervention
Mean ± SD (µg/mL)
Mean ± SD (µg/mL)
Mean ± SD (µmol/L)
Mean ± SD (µmol/L)
Retinol
1.82 ± 0.37
1.90 ± 0.49
3.46 ± 0.70
3.62 ± 0.93
Astaxanthin
0.76 ± 0.44
0.88 ± 0.37
1.27 ± 0.74
1.48 ± 0.63
Lutein
0.07 ± 0.02
0.06 ± 0.06
0.13 ± 0.03
0.11 ± 0.11
Zeaxanthin
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
E--apo-8′-carotenal
0.57 ± 0.03
0.57 ± 0.03
1.38 ± 0.06
1.38 ± 0.08
Cryptoxanthin
0.18 ± 0.12
0.20 ± 0.07
0.32 ± 0.22
0.37 ± 0.12
15-Z--carotene
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
13-Z--carotene
0.13 ± 0.00
0.14 ± 0.02
0.23 ± 0.00
0.26 ± 0.04
-carotene
0.22 ± 0.00
N.d.
0.41 ± 0.00
N.d.
-carotene
0.95 ± 0.50
1.09 ± 0.53
1.77 ± 0.93
2.03 ± 0.98
9-Z--carotene
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
N.d.
13-Z-lycopene
N.d.
2.79 ± 1.44
N.d.
5.20 ± 2.69
9-Z-lycopene
N.d.
0.38 ± 1.42
N.d.
0.71 ± 2.64
E-lycopene
1.15 ± 0.83
5.19 ± 2.35
2.14 ± 1.54
9.67 ± 4.38
5-Z-lycopene
0.75 ± 1.10
3.07 ± 1.43
1.41 ± 2.06
5.72 ± 2.67
N.d.: not determined. SD: standard deviation. Values in a row with the same letter are significantly different (). Data analyzed by Wilcoxon test for repeated measures.
