Review Article
Bioactivity of Polyphenols: Preventive and Adjuvant Strategies toward Reducing Inflammatory Bowel Diseases—Promises, Perspectives, and Pitfalls
Table 3
Human intervention trials suggesting health benefits of polyphenol intake with respect to IBD—an overview.
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ACNs: anthocyanins; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate kinase; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein end-products; Bcl-xl: B-cell lymphoma-extra large; bcrp: breast cancer cell resistance protein; bw: body weight; CA: chlorogenic acid; CAT: catalase; ccl2: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CINC1: cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450, family 1, member 1A1; CD: Crohn’s disease; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2; CRP: c-reactive protein; CXCL1: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand, neutrophil activating; DAI: disease activity index; DSS: dextran sodium sulphate; DRW: dealcoholized wine; EA: ellagic acid; EGCG: epigallocatechin gallate; EP: evening primrose (Oenothera paradoxa) pomace; GAE: gallic acid equivalents; GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power assay; GR: glutathione reductase; Gred: reduced glutathione; GrTP: green tea extract; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione (reduced); GSP: grape seed polyphenols; GSTT2: glutathione-S-transferase theta 2; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LBP: LPS binding protein; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; Mcp-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Mdr1a (−/−): multidrug resistance targeted mutation; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MIP2: macrophage inflammatory protein 2; MRP: multidrug resistance protein; OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B; Nrf-2: nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; NQO1: NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone-1] 1; PCAM-1: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; PGE2: prostaglandin-E2; P-gp: P-glycoprotein; PP: polyphenols; PRDX-6: peroxiredoxin-6; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RCT: randomized control trial; RW: red wine; SAA: serum amyloid α; SAPK: stress activated protein kinase; SCFAs: short chain fatty acids; SOD: superoxide dismutase; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TBNS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TG: triglycerides; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TXNRD-1: thioredoxin reductase-1; UGT1A1: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1; UTR: untranslated; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion protein 1; WB: Western blot. |