Cardiovascular Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Cocaine: Biomarkers and Possible Beneficial Effects of Modulators of Oxidative Stress

Table 1

Peripheral biomarkers of cocaine-induced oxidative stress.

Markers	Sample	Note	References
MDA	Plasma	Aspecific biomarker of lipid peroxidation	[117, 120–123]
TBARS	Plasma	Aspecific biomarker of lipid peroxidation	[117, 128]
BDNF	Plasma	Negative correlation with severity of cocaine use	[117, 128]
Glutathionylated Hb	Plasma (RBC)	Increased levels in oxidative stress conditions (i.e., cigarette smokers)	[113, 140]
SOD	Plasma (RBC)	Decreased levels of activity	[120–122, 131]

BDNF: malodialdehyde; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Hb: hemoglobin; RBC: red blood cells; SOD: superoxide dismutase.