A Cystine-Rich Whey Supplement (Immunocal®) Provides Neuroprotection from Diverse Oxidative Stress-Inducing Agents In Vitro by Preserving Cellular Glutathione

Table 3

Cystine [(Cys)₂] and glutamylcysteine [Glu-(Cys)₂] content of Immunocal in preincubation culture medium (3.3%, w/v final concentration).

Whey protein	Total molecules per mL	Total number of (Cys)2 per mL	Total number of Glu-(Cys)2 per mL
β-Lactoglobulin	5.44 × 10^14	1.09 × 10^15	0
Immunoglobulin	9.91 × 10^12	3.96 × 10^13	0
α-Lactalbumin	2.91 × 10^14	1.17 × 10^15	0
Serum albumin	3.01 × 10^18	5.11 × 10^19	1.80 × 10^19
Lactoferrin	1.63 × 10^16	2.76 × 10^17	6.50 × 10^16
Final concentration	—	85.3 mM	30.0 mM