|
| Subjects () | Study design and treatment | Markers of immune function | Markers of redox status | Ref. |
|
| Healthy (11) | Longitudinal
Spirulina-derived Immulina 400 mg/day, 56 days | Proliferation
↓ CA-induced CD19+ (day 56)
↑ CA-induced CD19+ (3–8 days), CD4+ (3–56 days)
↑ TT-induced CD4+ (3–8 days)
Cytokines’ production
↓ TT- induced TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-5 (day 56)
↓ CA and TT- induced IL-4 (day 3)
↔ TT-induced IL-2, IL-12, IL-10
↑ CA-induced TNF-α (3–8 days), IL-2 (day 3 and 56),
IFN-γ (day 3), IL-6 (3–14 days), IL-5 (3–8 days)
↑ TT-induced TNF-α (3–8 days), IFN-γ (3–14 days),
IL-6 (3–8 days), IL-5 (3–8 days) | | [93] |
|
| Healthy (12) | Longitudinal
50 ml hot water extract of Spirulina platensis extract, 8 weeks | ↑ NK cell cytotoxic activity
Cytokines’ production
↔ Con A-induced IL-12
↑ BCG-CWS-induced IL-12,
↑ IL-12 and IL12/IL18-induced IFN-γ | | [94] |
|
| Healthy (16) | Parallel (versus soya proteins)
Spirulina platensis or soya 7.5 g/day, 3 weeks (after exercise) | | ↑ SOD, GPX
↓ MDA | [95] |
|
| Healthy (20) | Crossover (placebo controlled)
Spirulina-derived Immulina 0.2 g and 0.4 g/day,
7 days | ↑ NK cell cytotoxic activity
↔ NK, NKT, T cells | | [96] |
|
| Healthy (30) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
Spirulina maxima 1 g/day, 30 days | | ↔ MDA, TAS, vit. C, SOD
↓ GSH | [97] |
|
Elderly
NW (45)
Obese (33) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
Spirulina 8 g/day, 12 weeks | ↑ IL-2 (NW 54.1%, obese 33%)
↓ IL-6 (NW 20%, obese 14.6%)
↔ TNF-α | ↑ TAS (only NW)
↓ TBARS (only NW) | [98] |
|
| Elderly (78) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
freeze-dried Spirulina 8 g/day, 16 weeks | ↑ IL-2 (female)
↓ IL-6 (male) | ↑ SOD (female), TAS (male)
↔ GPX, TBARS | [99] |
|
| Runners (8) | Longitudinal
Spirulina maxima capsules 4 g/day + 200 ml/day antioxidants , 2 weeks | | ↓ MDA | [100] |
|
| HIV+ (84) | Parallel (versus untreated)
Spirulina platensis 20 g/day, 8 weeks | ↑ lymphocytes | | [29] |
|
| HIV+ (11) | Parallel (uncontrolled)
Spirulina platensis capsules 6 g/day, 3 months
Undaria 5 g/day, 3 months
Spirulina capsules 3 g/day + Undaria 2.5 g/day, 3 months | ↑ CD4 ()
↓ viral load () | | [101] |
|
| HIV+ (169) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
Spirulina platensis powder 10 g/day, 12 months | ↑ CD4
↓ viral load | | [102] |
|
| HIV+ (52) | Parallel (uncontrolled)
proteins 1.5 g/kg body weight (25% Spirulina platensis or soya) | ↑ CD4 (both groups, ↑ versus soya)
↓viral load (both groups and ↓ versus soya) | | [103] |
|
| HIV+ (160) | Parallel (placebo controlled
Spirulina 10 g/day, 6 months | ↑CD4 (both groups) | | [104] |
|
| HIV+ (73) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
Spirulina platensis powder 5 g/day, 3 months | ↓CD4 (both groups)
↔ viral load, CD38 expression on the CD8 | ↑ TAS | [105] |
|
| T2D (37) | Parallel (placebo controlled)
freeze-dried Spirulina 8 g/day, 12 weeks | ↓ IL-6 (only in patients with dyslipidemia)
↔ TNF-α | ↓ MDA | [106] |
|
| Allergic rhinitis (36) | Crossover (placebo controlled)
Spirulina capsules 1 g and 2 g/day, 12 weeks | Cytokines’ production
↓ PHA-induced IL-4 (only 2 g/day)
↔ PHA-induced IFN-γ, IL-2 | | [107] |
|
| COPD (30) | Parallel (uncontrolled: 2 doses)
Spirulina capsules 1 g and 2 g/day, 60 days | | ↑ CAT (only 2 g/day), SOD, GST, GSH, vit. C
↓ MDA, ROOH | [108] |
|
