Protein Posttranslational Modifications: Roles in Aging and Age-Related Disease

Table 1

Example of posttranslational modifications, their target amino acid residue(s), and the enzyme(s) or proteins involved [20, 77, 145].

Posttranslational modification	Target amino acid residue(s)	Enzyme(s) or proteins involved
Phosphorylation	Tyrosine, serine, threonine	Kinases, phosphatases
Glycosylation N-linked	Asparagine	Glycosyltransferases, deglycosylases
Glycosylation O-linked	Serine/threonine	Glycosyltransferases, deglycosylases
Acetylation	Lysine	Acetyltransferases, deacetylases
Methylation	Lysine, arginine	Methyltransferases, demethylases
Ubiquitination	Lysine	Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases
Sumoylation	Lysine	Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases
Myristoylation	Glycine	N-Myristoyltransferases
Prenylation	Cysteine	Farnesyltransferases, geranyl geranyltransferases
Palmitoylation	Cysteine	DHHC protein acyltransferases, acyl-protein thioesterases
Sulfation	Tyrosine	Sulfatases, desulfatases
S-Nitrosylation	Cysteine, methionine
Glycation	Lysine
Nitration	Tyrosine	Denitrases
Chlorination	Tyrosine	Myeloperoxidases
Oxidation/reduction	Cysteine	Peroxidases, oxidases, glutathione, thioredoxin
Carbonylation	Lysine, proline, arginine, threonine