Dietary Polyphenols, Mediterranean Diet, Prediabetes, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review of the Evidence

Table 1

Main food sources of polyphenols.

Polyphenol	Compound	Main food sources, excluding seasoning	Main food sources, only seasoning
Total polyphenols		Coffee, oranges, apples, grapes, olives and olive oil, red wine, cocoa powder, dark chocolate, tea, black elderberry, nuts, whole grains, legumes	Cloves, dried peppermint, star anise
Flavonoids	Flavones	Virgin olive oil, oranges, whole grain wheat-flour bread, refined-grain wheat-flour bread, whole grain wheat four, black olives	Celery seed, dried peppermint, dried, common verbena
	Flavonols	Spinach, beans, onions, shallot	Capers, saffron, dried oregano
	Flavanols	Red wine, apples, peaches, cocoa powder, nuts, dark chocolate
	Flavanones	Grapefruit/pomelo juice, oranges, orange juice, grapefruit juice	Dried peppermint, dried oregano, fresh rosemary
	Isoflavones	Soy flour, soy paste, roasted soy bean, beans	Soy sauce
	Anthocyanins	Cherries, red wine, olives, hazelnuts, almonds, black elderberry, black chokeberry, blueberries
Phenolic acids	Benzoic acid	Olives, virgin olive oil, red wine, walnuts, pomegranate juice, red raspberry, American cranberry	Chestnut, cloves, star anise
	Cinnamic acid	Coffee, maize oil, potatoes	Dried peppermint. Common verbena, dried rosemary
Stilbenes	Resveratrol	Grapes, red wine, nuts
Lignans		Virgin olive oil, whole grain rye flour, bread from whole grain rye flour, flaxseed	Sesame seed oil, black sesame oil, flaxseed