Xylopine Induces Oxidative Stress and Causes G₂/M Phase Arrest, Triggering Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis by p53-Independent Pathway in HCT116 Cells

Figure 6

Effect of xylopine (XYL) in the caspase-3 activity and mitochondrial membrane potential in HCT116 cells. (a) Mitochondrial membrane potential determined by flow cytometry using rhodamine 123 staining after 24 h incubation. (b) Caspase-3 activity determined by colorimetric assay after 48 h incubation. The negative control (CTL) was treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO) used for diluting the compound tested. Doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM) and oxaliplatin (OXA, 2.5 μM) were used as positive controls. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. For flow cytometry analysis, 10,000 events were evaluated per experiment and cellular debris was omitted from the analysis. compared with the negative control by ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test.

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