Xylopine Induces Oxidative Stress and Causes G₂/M Phase Arrest, Triggering Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis by p53-Independent Pathway in HCT116 Cells

Figure 9

Effect of xylopine (XYL) in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) of HCT116 cells after 1 h incubation. (a) Nitric oxide level of HCT116 cells determined by flow cytometry using DAF-FM diacetate staining. (b) Superoxide anion level of HCT116 cells determined by flow cytometry using hydroethidine staining. (c) GSH level of HCT116 cells determined by colorimetric assay. The negative control (CTL) was treated with the vehicle (0.1% DMSO) used for diluting the compound tested. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 200 μM), doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM), and oxaliplatin (OXA, 2.5 μM) were used as positive controls. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. For flow cytometry analysis, 10,000 events were evaluated per experiment and cellular debris was omitted from the analysis. compared with the negative control by ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls test.

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