Exercise Combined with Rhodiola sacra Supplementation Improves Exercise Capacity and Ameliorates Exhaustive Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage through Enhancement of Mitochondrial Quality Control

Figure 3

Effects of aerobic exercise and Rhodiola sacra supplementation, alone and combined, on the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I (b), level of p62 (c), and level of BNIP3 (d) in mouse skeletal muscle and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I (e), level of p62 (f), and level of BNIP3 (g) in mouse myocardium; bands from the Western blotting analysis (a). Transmission electron micrographs of mouse skeletal (h) and cardiac (i) muscles: TEM image; AV: autophagic vacuole, m: mitochondria, tM: thin myofilament, TM: thick myofilament, N. nucleus. Scale bar = 1 or 2 μm. , versus Con; ^#, ^## versus P; ^◆◆ versus AE; ^▲, ^▲▲ versus RS.

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