Review Article

Exercise Training Attenuates the Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines and Oxidative Stress in White Adipose Tissue

Figure 2

Model of the generation of oxidative stress and the development of chronic inflammation in obese WAT. Adipocytes begin to grow as a result of factors such as excess energy intake and lack of exercise, and macrophages infiltrate into WAT. Moreover, the expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits increase and those of antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase, decrease. As a result, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in excess. Oxidative stress in obese WAT relates to dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines via the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The dysregulated expression of adipokines induces inflammation of WAT, contributing to the development of insulin resistance.