Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon

Table 6

Immunological parameters after the marathon race in the temperate and hot environments.

	Reference value	Before	Immediately after	1 day after	3 days after
Leukocytes (mil/mm^3)	4.5–11
HE		6.1 ± 0.4	14.4 ± 0.6	7.6 ± 0.4^#	5.8 ± 0.2
TE		6.0 ± 0.2	15.3 ± 0.6	7.1 ± 0.3	5.4 ± 0.2
Lymphocytes (mil/mm^3)	1–3.8
HE		1.8 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1^#	2 ± 0.1^#	1.7 ± 0.1
TE		2 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.1	1.7 ± 0.1
Neutrophils (mil/mm^3)	1.8–7.7
HE		3.6 ± 0.3	12.4 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.2
TE		3.4 ± 0.2	13.2 ± 0.6	4.6 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.1
Monocytes (mil/mm^3)	0–0.8
HE		0.41 ± 0.03	0.60 ± 0.04	0.49 ± 0.03	0.39 ± 0.02
TE		0.37 ± 0.02	0.71 ± 0.07	0.47 ± 0.03	0.36 ± 0.02
Eosinophils (mil/mm^3)	0–0.45
HE		0.16 ± 0.02^#	0.19 ± 0.02^##	0.15 ± 0.03	0.16 ± 0.02
TE		0.23 ± 0.04	0.02 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.03

The values are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) of 26 runners. HE: hot environment; TE: temperate environment. versus before the race; versus before the race; ; and versus temperate environment.